The continuous use of a water-seeded cropping system for California rice (Oryza sativa L.), along with a limited palette of available herbicides, have selected for flood-tolerant grasses, aquatic species, and herbicide-resistant weed populations throughout the region. Alternative cropping methods such as stale-seedbed and deeper drill seeding may be combined to allow novel herbicide modes of action and combat resistance while providing economically competitive yields. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate rice cultivars for vigorous traits that would facilitate such a stale-drill cropping methodology. Four cultivars of California rice were grown in glasshouses and evaluated for differences in germination, elongation, emergence, and early season morphology. Cultivars M-205 and M-209 were found to have greater rates of total below-soil elongation, and greater rates of mesocotyl and coleoptile elongation overall, across depths. M-205 and M-209 were also found to have higher rates of emergence across depths. Differences in aboveground growth parameters of emerged seedlings were only found at 0-, 6.4-, and 7.6-cm planting depths. Based on observed below- and above-soil growth and development, M-205 and M-209 exhibited greater vigor overall, as well as high levels of emergence from depths greater than 2 cm. Therefore, these cultivars should be suitable for stale-drill seeding as a strategy for managing herbicide resistance in California.

中文翻译：

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播种深度对加州水稻品种伸长、出苗和早期发育的影响

加州水稻（Oryza sativaL.) 以及有限的可用除草剂调色板，已选择用于整个地区的耐洪水草、水生物种和抗除草剂杂草种群。可以结合替代种植方法，例如陈旧的苗床和更深的钻播，以实现新的除草剂作用模式和抗击抗性，同时提供具有经济竞争力的产量。进行了两个实验来评估水稻品种的旺盛性状，这些性状将促进这种陈旧的种植方法。四个加利福尼亚水稻品种在温室中种植，并评估了发芽、伸长、出苗和早季形态的差异。发现栽培品种 M-205 和 M-209 具有更高的总土壤下伸长率，以及更高的整体中胚轴和胚芽鞘在整个深度的伸长率。还发现 M-205 和 M-209 具有更高的跨深度出现率。仅在 0、6.4 和 7.6 厘米的种植深度发现出苗苗地上生长参数的差异。根据观察到的土壤下和土壤上的生长和发育，M-205 和 M-209 总体上表现出更大的活力，以及从大于 2 厘米的深度高水平的出苗。因此，这些品种应该适合陈旧的钻孔播种，作为管理加利福尼亚除草剂抗性的策略。以及从深度大于 2 厘米的高水平涌出。因此，这些品种应该适合陈旧的钻孔播种，作为管理加利福尼亚除草剂抗性的策略。以及从深度大于 2 厘米的高水平涌出。因此，这些品种应该适合陈旧的钻孔播种，作为管理加利福尼亚除草剂抗性的策略。