Current policy pledges promote the expansion of conservation areas and mixed forests with endemic species. Climate change, however, may undermine these efforts and modify the relationships and benefits related to the ecosystem services provided by forest ecosystems. Hence, managers must account for climate impacts on future forest dynamics, based on the understanding of processes and functions. Here, we address this issue and compute the value of multiple ecosystem services (wood production, carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation) linked to European beech forests, considering local economic conditions. Our results show that mature European beech forests may sequester up to 4 tC.ha⁻¹.year⁻¹ and contribute to climate mitigation actions. The optimal management solutions may focus on wood production in regions with higher productivity and wood price. In regions with high productivity and low interest rates, carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation may be simultaneously promoted by an expansion of forest conservation areas. In general, biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration acted synergistically. In contrast, wood production displayed trade-offs with the former ecosystem services, especially in countries with higher interest rates and low wood price. We conclude that forest productivity and local socio-economic conditions may mediate the trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services.

当前的政策承诺促进保护区和具有特有物种的混交林的扩大。但是，气候变化可能破坏这些努力，并改变与森林生态系统提供的生态系统服务有关的关系和利益。因此，管理者必须基于对过程和功能的理解，考虑气候对未来森林动态的影响。在这里，我们解决此问题并考虑当地经济条件，计算与欧洲山毛榉森林相关的多种生态系统服务（木材生产，碳固存和生物多样性保护）的价值。我们的结果表明，成熟的欧洲山毛榉森林可以封存高达4 tC.ha ^-1 .year ^-1并为减缓气候变化做出贡献。最佳管理解决方案可能专注于生产率和木材价格更高的地区的木材生产。在高生产率和低利率的地区，扩大森林保护区可同时促进固碳和生物多样性保护。一般而言，生物多样性保护和碳固存具有协同作用。相反，木材生产显示出与以前的生态系统服务之间的权衡，尤其是在利率较高且木材价格较低的国家。我们得出的结论是，森林生产力和当地社会经济状况可能会介导生态系统服务之间的权衡和协同作用。