The anthropogenic consequences of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and air transport have been assessed enormously in the literature. However, given the complexities in many economies of the world today, it is important to reassess the ecological concerns of these factors in light of the Environmental Kuznets Curve framework. Therefore, this current study investigates the global assessment using data from World Bank Development database from 1995 to 2016. Evidence from the method employed, sys-GMM, revealed that the economic complexities index increases the carbon emission in low-income groups while it significantly decreases the carbon emission for upper-middle and high-income groups. For the combined group, the EKC hypothesis holds, and ECI significantly hampers carbon emissions. For the other variables, it is worthy of note that (1) economic growth contributes to the high carbon contents across the income group especially for low-income, upper-middle-income and high-income group; (2) the effects of air transport on carbon emission is positive for lower-middle-income and high-income group and negative for the upper-middle-income group; (3) the use of coal rents and energy use leads to high release of carbon contents across all the income groups; and (4) a significant increase in the utilization of energy leads to increase in carbon contents except for lower-income group, it leads to a decrease. From this empirical assessment, vital energy policy directions are suggested.

中文翻译：

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环境退化、能源消耗和可持续发展：用世界银行收入集群的证据解释经济复杂性的作用

可再生和不可再生能源消耗、经济增长和航空运输的人为后果已在文献中进行了大量评估。然而，鉴于当今世界许多经济体的复杂性，根据环境库兹涅茨曲线框架重新评估这些因素的生态问题非常重要。因此，本研究使用 1995 年至 2016 年世界银行发展数据库的数据对全球评估进行了调查。 所采用方法 sys-GMM 的证据表明，经济复杂性指数增加了低收入群体的碳排放，同时显着降低了碳排放中高收入群体的碳排放量。对于合并后的群体，EKC 假设成立，而 ECI 显着阻碍了碳排放。对于其他变量，值得注意的是，（1）经济增长导致整个收入群体的碳含量偏高，尤其是低收入、中高收入和高收入群体；(2) 航空运输对碳排放的影响对中低收入和高收入群体为正，对中高收入群体为负；(3) 煤炭租金和能源使用导致所有收入群体的碳含量高释放；（4）能源利用的显着增加导致碳含量增加，除低收入群体外，导致碳含量下降。根据这一实证评估，建议了重要的能源政策方向。(2) 航空运输对碳排放的影响对中低收入和高收入群体为正，对中高收入群体为负；(3) 煤炭租金和能源使用导致所有收入群体的碳含量高释放；（4）能源利用的显着增加导致碳含量增加，除低收入群体外，导致碳含量下降。根据这一实证评估，建议了重要的能源政策方向。(2) 航空运输对碳排放的影响对中低收入和高收入群体为正，对中高收入群体为负；(3) 煤炭租金和能源使用导致所有收入群体的碳含量高释放；（4）能源利用的显着增加导致碳含量增加，除低收入群体外，导致碳含量下降。根据这一实证评估，建议了重要的能源政策方向。（4）能源利用的显着增加导致碳含量增加，除低收入群体外，导致碳含量下降。根据这一实证评估，建议了重要的能源政策方向。（4）能源利用的显着增加导致碳含量增加，除低收入群体外，导致碳含量下降。根据这一实证评估，建议了重要的能源政策方向。