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A NONAUTONOMOUS MODEL FOR THE INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF FEAR, REFUGE AND ADDITIONAL FOOD IN A PREY–PREDATOR SYSTEM
Journal of Biological Systems ( IF 1.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-03-15 , DOI: 10.1142/s0218339021500054
NAZMUL SK 1 , PANKAJ KUMAR TIWARI 2 , YUN KANG 3 , SAMARES PAL 1
Affiliation  

The importance of fear, refuge and additional food is being increasingly recognized in recent studies, but their combined effects need to be explored. In this paper, we investigate the joint effects of these three ecologically important factors in a prey–predator system with Crowly–Martin type functional response. We find that the fear of predator significantly affects the densities of prey and predator populations whereas the presence of prey refuge and additional food for predator are recognized to have potential impacts to sustain prey and predator in the habitat, respectively. The fear of predator induces limit cycle oscillations while an oscillatory system becomes stable on increasing the refuge. The system first undergoes a supercritical Hopf-bifurcation and then a subcritical Hopf-bifurcation on increasing either the growth rate of prey or growth rate of predator due to additional food. Increasing the quality/quantity of additional food after a certain value causes extinction of prey species and rapid incline in the predator population. An extension is made in the model by considering the seasonal variations in the cost of fear of predator, prey refuge and growth rate of predator due to additional food. The nonautonomous model is shown to exhibit globally attractive positive periodic solution. Moreover, complex dynamics such as higher periodic solutions and bursting patterns are observed due to seasonal variations in the rate parameters.

中文翻译:

捕食者-捕食者系统中恐惧、避难和额外食物交互影响的非自治模型

最近的研究越来越认识到恐惧、避难所和额外食物的重要性,但需要探索它们的综合影响。在本文中,我们研究了这三个生态重要因素在具有 Crowly-Martin 型功能反应的猎物 - 捕食者系统中的联合效应。我们发现,对捕食者的恐惧会显着影响猎物和捕食者种群的密度,而猎物避难所和捕食者额外食物的存在被认为分别对维持栖息地中的猎物和捕食者具有潜在影响。对捕食者的恐惧会引起极限循环振荡,而振荡系统在增加避难所时变得稳定。该系统首先经历一个超临界 Hopf 分岔,然后是一个亚临界 Hopf 分岔,以增加猎物的生长速度或由于额外的食物而增加捕食者的生长速度。在一定值之后增加额外食物的质量/数量会导致猎物物种的灭绝和捕食者种群的快速倾斜。通过考虑对捕食者的恐惧、猎物避难所和捕食者的生长速度由于额外的食物而产生的季节性变化,在模型中进行了扩展。非自治模型显示出具有全局吸引力的正周期解。此外,由于速率参数的季节性变化,观察到复杂的动态,例如更高的周期解和突发模式。在一定值之后增加额外食物的质量/数量会导致猎物物种的灭绝和捕食者种群的快速倾斜。通过考虑对捕食者的恐惧、猎物避难所和捕食者的生长速度由于额外的食物而产生的季节性变化,在模型中进行了扩展。非自治模型显示出具有全局吸引力的正周期解。此外,由于速率参数的季节性变化,观察到复杂的动态,例如更高的周期解和突发模式。在一定值之后增加额外食物的质量/数量会导致猎物物种的灭绝和捕食者种群的快速倾斜。通过考虑对捕食者的恐惧、猎物避难所和捕食者的生长速度由于额外的食物而产生的季节性变化,在模型中进行了扩展。非自治模型显示出具有全局吸引力的正周期解。此外,由于速率参数的季节性变化,观察到复杂的动态,例如更高的周期解和突发模式。非自治模型显示出具有全局吸引力的正周期解。此外,由于速率参数的季节性变化,观察到复杂的动态,例如更高的周期解和突发模式。非自治模型显示出具有全局吸引力的正周期解。此外,由于速率参数的季节性变化,观察到复杂的动态,例如更高的周期解和突发模式。
更新日期:2021-03-15
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