This study examined the role of group norms, group identity, age, contact, and stereotypes on youths’ decisions to include a peer in an intergroup context portraying Lebanese and American adolescents. Lebanese participants (N = 275), ages 12 and 16 years, were surveyed about expectations for inclusion of an out-group target with similar interests or an in-group target with different interests into their own Lebanese group or another American group. Findings indicated participants focused on shared interests, rather than national identity, when making inclusion decisions for either group and group norms mattered. Older participants expected American peers to be less inclusive towards an out-group peer. Direct contact predicted inclusivity of out-group American peers into one’s own Lebanese group, and indirect media-based contact predicted expectations for inclusivity into an American out-group. Findings have implications for interventions aimed at improving cross-national friendships which, in turn, have the potential to reduce prejudicial attitudes.

中文翻译：

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黎巴嫩青少年在群体间环境中对同龄人的社会包容的期望

本研究考察了群体规范、群体身份、年龄、接触和刻板印象对青年决定将同龄人纳入描绘黎巴嫩和美国青少年的群体间背景的作用。黎巴嫩参与者（N = 275)，年龄为 12 岁和 16 岁，他们接受了关于将具有相似兴趣的外群体目标或具有不同兴趣的内群体目标纳入他们自己的黎巴嫩群体或另一个美国群体的期望。调查结果表明，参与者在为任何一个群体和群体规范做出包容性决定时，关注的是共同利益，而不是国家认同。年长的参与者预计美国同龄人对外群体同龄人的包容性较低。直接接触预测了美国外群体对自己的黎巴嫩群体的包容性，基于媒体的间接接触预测了对美国外群体的包容性的期望。调查结果对旨在改善跨国友谊的干预措施具有影响，而这反过来又可能减少偏见态度。