This paper investigates the influence of culture on the level of entrepreneurship and the possible moderating role of the level of economic development upon this relationship. For our purpose, an initial sample of 125 countries (43 high-income and 82 low-income countries) is used, over the 2006–2016 time period. At first, we use a panel analysis of the reduced sample which is furthermore completed by a hierarchical regression analysis. Our main results provide clear evidence that culture represents an important predictor of the level of entrepreneurship. Among the dimensions of culture, uncertainty avoidance and indulgence versus restraint are found to have the highest influence upon the level of entrepreneurship. Moreover, our empirical findings reveal that the relationship between culture and entrepreneurship is moderated differently by economic development. Thus, high-income countries face a three times higher rate of entrepreneurship than low-income countries. Our findings suggest that culture is more valued in high-income countries offering a higher social support in entrepreneurial activities than in low-income countries. We also find that some cultural patterns such as individualism, femininity, low uncertainly avoidance, short-term orientation or restrain may stimulate entrepreneurship in high-income countries but may be very dysfunctional in low-income countries. Our findings are also useful for policy makers to acknowledge the relationship between the cultural values of a country and its entrepreneurial activities, in order to adjust their policy measures for a better stimulation of the business environment.

中文翻译：

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文化，企业家精神与经济发展。一种经验方法

本文研究了文化对企业家水平的影响以及经济发展水平对这种关系的调节作用。出于我们的目的，在2006-2016年期间，使用了125个国家（43个高收入国家和82个低收入国家）的初始样本。首先，我们使用减少样本的面板分析，然后通过层次回归分析完成该面板分析。我们的主要结果提供了明确的证据，表明文化是企业家精神水平的重要预测指标。在文化的各个维度中，避免不确定性以及放纵与克制对企业家精神的影响最大。而且，我们的经验发现表明，文化与企业家精神之间的关系受经济发展的影响有所不同。因此，高收入国家的企业家率是低收入国家的三倍。我们的发现表明，与低收入国家相比，高收入国家在创业活动中提供更高的社会支持的文化价值更高。我们还发现，某些文化模式，例如个人主义，女性气质，不确定性回避程度低，短期取向或约束，可能会刺激高收入国家的企业家精神，但在低收入国家可能会严重失灵。我们的发现对于决策者来说，也有助于确认一个国家的文化价值观与其创业活动之间的关系，