In this study, a model to improve the degradability of methylene blue (MB) dye using graphene oxide/TiO 2 /SiO 2 nanocomposite under sunlight irradiation is investigated. The effect of operative parameters comprising catalyst concentration, initial dye concentration, and pH on the photocatalytic batch during removal of MB is studied. Fractional factorial design (FFD) and response surface methodology (RSM) are used to design the experiment layout. Graphene oxide (GO)/TiO 2 /SiO 2 nanoparticles are synthesized through sonication and sol–gel methodologies. In the experiments, three levels of catalyst varied in the percentage of TiO 2 pointed as (I) TiO 2 :GO (100%), (II) TiO 2 :GO:SiO 2 (50%), and (III) TiO 2 :GO:SiO 2 (25%) are used. The irradiation interval was 7 h at solar radiation energy 6.35–5.00 kW h/m 2 /day. In the experiments, three levels of catalyst varied in the percentage of TiO 2 pointed as (I) TiO 2 :GO (100%), (II) TiO 2 :GO:SiO 2 (50%), and (III) TiO 2 :GO:SiO 2 (25%) are used. The synthesized catalysts are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. ANOVA under 2 3 FFD is conducted to evaluate the effect of independent factors depending on the value of F as pH of solution, weight of catalyst, and concentration of MB. The adsorption kinetics, experimental design with FFD, and RSM are investigated in this study. The Surface Adsorption kinetics were statistically analyzed, the model that best described the results of each experiment was determined out of the two evaluated kinetics (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order), for the three photocatalyst composites I, II, and III with the parameters; weight of the catalyst, pH, and initial MB concentration, also percentage degradation is evaluated. RSM results are consistent with the kinetic model; first, the pH is considered as the most significant parameter affecting the removal of the organic pollutant, and second, catalyst II gives the highest percentage removal efficiency of MB. FFD results are consistent with both models where the effect of the independent factor depending on the value of F was pH of solution > weight of catalyst > initial concentration of MB. The percentage removal was in the range from 30 to 99%.

中文翻译：

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利用智能系统模拟氧化石墨烯/ TiO2 / SiO2纳米复合材料在阳光照射下亚甲基蓝染料的去除

在这项研究中，研究了一种在阳光照射下使用氧化石墨烯/ TiO 2 / SiO 2纳米复合材料改善亚甲基蓝（MB）染料降解性的模型。研究了操作参数（包括催化剂浓度，初始染料浓度和pH值）对MB去除过程中光催化批次的影响。分数阶乘设计（FFD）和响应面方法（RSM）用于设计实验布局。氧化石墨烯（GO）/ TiO 2 / SiO 2纳米粒子是通过超声和​​溶胶-凝胶法合成的。在实验中，三种水平的催化剂以TiO 2的百分比变化，分别为（I）TiO 2：GO（100％），（II）TiO 2：GO：SiO 2（50％）和（III）TiO 2 ：使用GO：SiO 2（25％）。在太阳辐射能量为6.35-5.00 kW h / m 2 / day的情况下，辐照间隔为7 h。在实验中 三种水平的催化剂的TiO 2百分比分别为（I）TiO 2：GO（100％），（II）TiO 2：GO：SiO 2（50％）和（III）TiO 2：GO：SiO使用2（25％）。合成的催化剂通过X射线衍射，傅立叶变换红外光谱，扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子光谱进行表征。在2 3 FFD下进行ANOVA评估独立因素的影响，具体取决于溶液中pH值F，催化剂重量和MB浓度。本研究对吸附动力学，FFD和RSM的实验设计进行了研究。对表面吸附动力学进行了统计分析，从三种评估的动力学（假一阶，假第二阶）中，确定了最能描述每个实验结果的模型，分别为三种光催化剂复合物I，二，三具有参数；催化剂的重量，pH和初始MB浓度，还评估降解百分数。RSM结果与动力学模型一致。首先，pH被认为是影响有机污染物去除的最重要参数，其次，催化剂II提供了最高的MB去除率百分比。FFD结果与两个模型都一致，其中取决于F值的独立因子的影响是溶液的pH值>催化剂的重量> MB的初始浓度。去除百分率在30％至99％的范围内。pH被认为是影响有机污染物去除的最重要参数，其次，催化剂II具有最高的MB去除率。FFD结果与两个模型都一致，其中取决于F值的独立因子的影响是溶液的pH值>催化剂的重量> MB的初始浓度。去除百分率在30％至99％的范围内。pH被认为是影响有机污染物去除的最重要参数，其次，催化剂II具有最高的MB去除率。FFD结果与两个模型都一致，其中取决于F值的独立因子的影响是溶液的pH值>催化剂的重量> MB的初始浓度。去除百分率在30％至99％的范围内。