In this article we investigate how speakers manage discourse expectations in dialogue by comparing the meaning and use of three Dutch discourse particles, i.e. wel , toch and eigenlijk, which all express a contrast between their host utterance and a discourse-based expectation . The core meanings of toch, wel and eigenlijk are formally distinguished on the basis of two intersubjective parameters: (i) whether the particle marks alignment or misalignment between speaker and addressee discourse beliefs, and (ii) whether the particle requires an assessment of the addressee’s representation of mutual discourse beliefs. By means of a quantitative corpus study, we investigate to what extent the intersubjective meaning distinctions between wel , toch and eigenlijk are reflected in statistical usage patterns across different social situations. Results suggest that wel , toch and eigenlijk are lexicalizations of distinct generalized politeness strategies when expressing contrast in social interaction. Our findings call for an interdisciplinary approach to discourse particles in order to enhance our understanding of their functions in language.

中文翻译：

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管理人际话语期望：荷兰语中对比话语粒子的比较分析

在本文中，我们将通过比较三种荷兰话语成分（wel，toch和eigenlijk）的含义和使用情况来研究说话者在对话中如何处理话语期望，它们均表达了主持人话语与基于话语的期望之间的对比。toch，wel和eigenlijk的核心含义是根据两个主体间参数来正式区分的：（i）质点是否表明说话者和收件人的话语信念之间是对齐还是错位，以及（ii）质点是否需要评估收件人的话语信念话语信仰的代表。通过定量语料研究，我们调查了在不同社会情况下的统计使用模式中，wel，toch和eigenlijk之间的主体间意义的区别在多大程度上得以体现。结果表明，在社交互动中表达对比时，wel，toch和eigenlijk是不同的广义礼貌策略的词汇化。我们的发现要求对话语粒子采用一种跨学科的方法，以增强我们对其语言功能的理解。