Reviewed by:

• Gerald of Wales: Instruction for a Ruler (De Principis Instructione) ed. by Bartlett Robert
• Keagan Brewer

Robert Bartlett is a well-known luminary of British medieval studies, and his recent edition and translation of Gerald of Wales’s De principis instructione for the Oxford Medieval Texts Series does not disappoint. Gerald himself is, of course, one of the most colourful writers of the Middle Ages, and though his works on Ireland and Wales are apparently read more often (both then and now), the De principis instructione is a valuable source for a variety of aspects of late twelfth-century British history and culture. As is typical of Gerald’s work, the text commences with a particular program, and then—through a process of revision, adaptation, and expansion—becomes a hodge-podge compilation of the author’s thoughts about a variety of disconnected topics. It is valuable for its depiction of royal values, its anecdotes, its often vituperative portrayal of court life and the Angevin kings, and other contemporary events. The work survives in only a single fourteenth-century manuscript from the Cotton collection (Julius B XIII), while Bartlett prints its original preface from another manuscript (Cambridge, Trinity College MS R. 7. II). The present form is a revision made probably in 1216–17 of a lost original written c. 1191. Gerald originally published the first of three books only, apparently due to fears that his vituperations of the Angevins would land him in hot water. What alterations were made between c. 1191 and 1216–17 are matters for speculation.

Book 1, forming roughly half of the text by volume, is structured around princely virtues: patience, modesty, prudence, bravery, generosity, and so on. However, as Bartlett notes, ‘what [Gerald] liked best was telling stories’ (p. xxiii). And so there are stories about Edward the Confessor, Thomas Becket, the Scots and Picts, the ‘discovery’ of the tomb of Arthur and Guinevere, and more. The work bears some similarities to Walter Map’s De nugis curialium and John of Salisbury’s Policraticus; at times sharing stories and common sources, in general the three works evidence a courtly milieu attracted to that curious mélange of history, morality, and legend that so characterizes the second half of the twelfth century. Books 2 and 3 concern English and French politics, and here the author shows his preference for the French dynasty as compared to the Angevin. There are valuable details about the later years of King Henry II (r. 1154–89).

Nevertheless, the material is scattered, repetitive, and sometimes difficult to interpret. Books 2 and 3 also include discussions of the Holy Land, particularly [End Page 176] Eraclius’s visit to Europe in 1184–85, the fall of Jerusalem to Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn in 1187, and the campaign of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I (‘Barbarossa’). The work ends seditiously with an expression of hope that the French kings will unite ‘two or three kingdoms’ and offer liberty, but ‘the hope was not able to come to fruition’ (p. 733) because God became angry after the Angevins’ attacks against the church.

Of much interest is Gerald’s attitude to King Henry II. He attacks Henry unreservedly for his assault on Thomas Becket and says that Henry’s sons’ rebellions were divine vengeance for the murder (p. 669). Gerald bemoans the deferment of Henry’s crusade, and says that his funding of monasteries as recompense was done under a deceitful pretext (p. 467). Gerald strongly repudiates Henry’s mocking welcome of the news that Eraclius was arriving to request support for the Kingdom of Jerusalem (pp. 531–33)—he depicts Henry as selfish, accusing Eraclius of wanting a crusade for his own benefit. Gerald also regrets Henry’s blasphemies (pp. 615, 661) and his attempt to delay Richard from setting out on crusade (pp. 593–95). The sometime contact he had with the king and other powerful people, and his unique perspective, make the text invaluable.

Bartlett’s translation is...

审核人：

• 威尔士的杰拉尔德：统治者的指令（De Principis指令）编。由巴特利特·罗伯特（Bartlett Robert）
• 凯根·布鲁尔（Keagan Brewer）

罗伯特·巴特利特（Robert Bartlett）是英国中世纪研究的知名人物，他最近出版和翻译的威尔士杰拉尔德（Gerald of Wales）的《牛津中世纪经文丛书》的《De principis》教书并不令人失望。杰拉德本人是的，当然，中世纪的最丰富多彩的作家之一，虽然他的爱尔兰和威尔士的作品显然更多经常（包括当时和现在），在德落叶松instructione是十二世纪晚期英国历史和文化各个方面的宝贵资料。正如Gerald的作品中的典型内容一样，本文从一个特定的程序开始，然后通过修订，改编和扩展的过程，变成了作者关于各种不相关主题的思想的大杂烩。它对皇家价值的描述，轶事，对宫廷生活和安格温国王的经常性的刻画，以及其他当代事件都具有宝贵的价值。该作品仅能保存在Cotton系列（Julius B XIII）的十四世纪手稿中，而Bartlett则是从另一手稿（剑桥，三一学院MS R. 7. II）印刷其原始序言。目前的形式是在1216年至1217年大概做了一个丢失的原始书面的修改Ç。1191年。杰拉尔德最初只出版了三本书中的第一本书，显然是因为担心他对安格温斯人的轻蔑会使他陷入热水。在c之间进行了哪些更改。1191年和1216-17年是猜测的问题。

第1本书按体积计算大约占文本的一半，围绕着王子的美德进行构造：耐心，谦虚，审慎，勇敢，慷慨等等。但是，正如巴特利特（Bartlett）所说，“ [杰拉尔德（Gerald）]最喜欢的是讲故事”（第xxiii页）。因此，这里有关于Edward悔者爱德华（Edward），托马斯·贝克特（Thomas Becket），苏格兰人和皮克特（Scots and Picts）的故事，还有亚瑟（Arthur）和吉尼维雷（Guinevere）墓的“发现”等等。该作品与沃尔特地图的德努吉斯博物馆和索尔兹伯里的Policraticus的约翰有一些相似之处; 有时，这些故事会共享故事和共同的来源，总的来说，这三部作品证明了一种礼貌的环境吸引了这种具有历史色彩，道德和传奇色彩的奇特混杂物，而这种混杂物是十二世纪下半叶的特征。第2和第3本书涉及英国和法国的政治，在这里，作者展示了他对法国王朝的偏爱，而不是与Angevin相比。关于亨利二世国王（r。1154–89）的晚年，有许多宝贵的细节。

然而，这些材料是分散的，重复的，有时难以解释。第2本书和第3本书还讨论了圣地，特别是[End Page 176]埃拉克留斯1184–85年对欧洲的访问，1187年耶路撒冷陷于Ṣalāḥal-Dīn以及圣罗马皇帝腓特烈一世（' Barbarossa'）。这项工作以煽动性的结尾结束，表达了希望，即法国国王将团结“两个或三个王国”并提供自由，但是“希望未能实现”（第733页），因为上帝在安格温人之后生气了。袭击教堂。

杰拉尔德对亨利二世国王的态度引起了极大的兴趣。他因袭击托马斯·贝克特而毫无保留地袭击亨利，并说亨利的儿子的叛乱是对谋杀的神圣报仇（第669页）。杰拉德（Gerald）哀叹推迟了亨利（Henry）的十字军东征，并说他以补偿性的借口为修道院提供资金（p。467）。杰拉尔德强烈否认亨利对埃拉克留斯即将到来要求支持耶路撒冷王国的消息的嘲笑表示欢迎（第531-33页），他将亨利描述为自私，指责埃拉克留斯为自己的利益而进行十字军东征。杰拉尔德还对亨利的亵渎（pp。615，661）以及他企图推迟理查德（Richard）参加十字军东征（pp。593-95）的尝试表示遗憾。他有时与国王和其他有权势的人接触，并以独特的眼光使案文变得无价之宝。

巴特利特的翻译是...