Abstract:

In the course of his missionary work in Brazil in the latter half of the sixteenth century, the Jesuit José de Anchieta (1534-1597) authored multiple reports, lyric compositions, and dramatic spectacles about the lives and deaths of martyrs. Martyrdom thus became a consistent theme across his broad and variegated corpus—something in itself unsurprising, given the long history of martyrdom as an important religious subject for artistic portrayal, as well as the new avenues for martyrdom that confessional strife and missionary zeal opened up in the early modern period. And yet, there is no single kind of martyrdom typified in Anchieta's works. In this essay, I propose a comparative analysis of some of Anchieta's martyrological pieces as a way to highlight the different functions he assigns to classical and modern martyrs. We notice, for example, that the deaths of early Christians like Saint Laurence and Saint Ursula, already celebrated figures in medieval and early modern sources, are practically glossed over so as to focus instead on the saints' roles in the context of the nascent missions in Brazil, where they are treated as figures of inspiration and protection. In contrast, the misadventures of contemporary candidates for martyrdom, such as Pero Correia, João de Sousa, and Inácio de Azevedo, are rendered in much more careful detail. Especially when it comes to the last words and gestures of his fellow Jesuits, Anchieta writes with the sweeping eye of the chronicler, the mythmaker, and of course, the prospective martyrologist. Through strategic variation, Anchieta makes the martyr a nexus between the early history of Christendom and its recasting in the New World.

摘要：

耶稣会士何塞·德安基埃塔（1534-1597）在十六世纪下半叶在巴西进行传教工作时，撰写了多篇有关烈士的生死的报道，抒情作品和戏剧性场面。难因此成为他广泛多样的语料库中的一个一致主题-考虑到of难作为艺术刻画的重要宗教主题的悠久历史，以及in悔之争和传教士热情的新途径，in教的悠久历史本身就不足为奇了。近代初期。然而，在安基埃塔的作品中，没有任何一种mart难可言。在本文中，我建议对安基耶塔的一些烈士作品进行比较分析，以此突出他对古典和现代烈士所赋予的不同功能。我们注意到，例如，已经在中世纪和早期现代资源中广为流传的著名人物，例如圣劳伦斯和圣厄休拉等早期基督徒的死亡，实际上被掩盖了起来，以便集中精力于在巴西进行初次宣教时圣徒的角色，他们被视为灵感和保护的象征。相比之下，当代Per难候选人的不幸经历，例如佩罗·科雷亚（Pero Correia），若昂·德·索萨（Joãode Sousa）和伊纳西奥·德·阿塞维多（Ináciode Azevedo），则要仔细得多。特别是当谈到他的耶稣会士的最后的言语和手势时，安基埃塔用编年史家，神话制造者，当然还有准烈士的开阔的眼光写道。通过战略变化，安基埃塔使烈士成为了基督教世界的早期历史与其在新世界中重铸之间的纽带。早已在中世纪和近代现代名人中广为流传的著名人物，例如圣劳伦斯和圣厄休拉等早期基督徒的死亡，实际上被掩盖了起来，以便专注于在巴西初次传教的背景下圣徒的角色。被视为灵感和保护的象征。相比之下，当代Per难候选人的不幸经历，例如佩罗·科雷亚（Pero Correia），若昂·德·索萨（Joãode Sousa）和伊纳西奥·德·阿塞维多（Ináciode Azevedo），则要仔细得多。特别是当谈到他的耶稣会士的最后的言语和手势时，安基埃塔用编年史家，神话制造者，当然还有准烈士的开阔的眼光写道。通过战略变化，安基埃塔使烈士成为了基督教世界的早期历史与其在新世界中重铸之间的纽带。早已在中世纪和近代现代名人中广为流传的著名人物，例如圣劳伦斯和圣厄休拉等早期基督徒的死亡，实际上被掩盖了起来，以便专注于在巴西初次传教的背景下圣徒的角色。被视为灵感和保护的象征。相比之下，当代Per难候选人的不幸经历，例如佩罗·科雷亚（Pero Correia），若昂·德·索萨（Joãode Sousa）和伊纳西奥·德·阿塞维多（Ináciode Azevedo），则要仔细得多。特别是当谈到他的耶稣会士的最后的言语和手势时，安基埃塔用编年史家，神话制造者，当然还有准烈士的开阔的眼光写道。通过战略变化，安基埃塔使烈士成为了基督教世界的早期历史与其在新世界中重铸之间的纽带。