Reviewed by:

• The Founding of Thomas Jefferson’s University ed. by John A. Ragosta, Peter S. Onuf and Andrew J. O’Shaughnessy
• Mary N. Woods

The University of Virginia is the only American institution of higher education conceived, nurtured, designed, built, overseen, and, I would add, obsessed over by one of the nation’s founding fathers and presidents. Thomas Jefferson envisioned a modern university that would educate the next generation of leaders for the young American republic. At the same time, he wanted an institution whose faculty and graduates would protect and defend the South and its dependence on slavery. Published to coincide with the university’s bicentennial celebrations in 2019, The Founding of Thomas Jefferson’s University intertwines the man with the university he considered one of his greatest achievements.

The very first account of the University of Virginia appeared in 1856 (only thirty-one years after the first students arrived on campus); it drew on at that time unpublished correspondence between Jefferson and Senator Joseph C. Cabell, his chief ally for the university in the state legislature. Extensive use of archival materials housed at the university and at Monticello is also at the heart of these fourteen essays curated and edited by John A. Ragosta, Peter S. Onuf, and Andrew J. O’Shaughnessy, all eminent Jefferson scholars. The book’s center of gravity is the period between 1814, when Jefferson prepared funding estimates and an architectural design, and 1825, when the university opened with eight faculty members and sixty-eight students. The authors—who are architects, librarians, and archivists as well as professors—deal with the university’s prehistory, students, campus design and buildings, curriculum, and library.

The editors do not shy away from the painful, difficult, and contradictory histories of Jefferson and the university. By having students live close to faculty around a central lawn, Jefferson believed he was creating an Academical Village that would instill order, decorum, learning, and domestic tranquility. In their essays, Ervin L. Jordan Jr. and Maurie D. McInnis reveal another village: the attics, barns, kitchens, laundries, dining halls, and smokehouses where African Americans dwelled and labored. Drawing on archival materials only recently transcribed and digitized by the university-sponsored “Jefferson’s University— the Early Life” project as well as on archaeological findings, Jordan and McInnis recuperate the histories of Black people, both free and enslaved, at the university. They make abundantly clear that Jefferson’s Academical Village relied on slave communities like those that sustained the plantations and created their wealth. There the sons of planters first learned the lessons of racial oppression and white supremacy that they applied so brutally to enslaved people at the Academical Village. In “‘Chastising a Servant for His Insolence’: The Case of the Butter Bully,” Jordan recounts histories of students such as Thomas Jefferson Boyd, who brutalized a Black male waiter (nameless, as was usual in university records) for serving him supposedly rancid butter. McInnis shows just how long and egregious the history of sexual violence at American universities has been in an account of the attempted gang rape of a Black girl, aged twelve, by three students. [End Page 117]

These two essays demonstrate how slavery, violence, and white supremacy were bred in the bone of the University of Virginia. Breaking from the tight focus on the early years that otherwise prevails in the collection, McInnis explains that the university’s history of racial violence and oppression is exactly why Richard B. Spencer, an alumnus, chose the campus and downtown Charlottesville for his rally of neo-Nazis and white supremacists in 2017. I hope others will bring theories of class, race, Blackness, and whiteness to bear, building on Jordan’s and McInnis’s exemplary work. Melding theory and history may help us grapple with the systemic racism that has for far too long pervaded daily life and institutions in the United States.

“A Look Back at Jefferson’s Forward-Looking Mission for the University...

审核人：

• 托马斯·杰斐逊大学的成立。约翰·A·拉戈斯塔（John A. Ragosta），彼得·S·奥努夫（Peter S.Onuf）和安德鲁·J·奥肖尼西（Andrew J.O'Shaughnessy）
• 玛丽·N·伍兹

弗吉尼亚大学是美国唯一的设想，培养，设计，建造，监督，并被该国开国元勋和总统之一所迷恋的高等教育机构。托马斯·杰斐逊（Thomas Jefferson）设想了一所现代大学，该大学将为年轻的美国共和国教育下一代领导人。同时，他希望建立一个能够由其教职员工和毕业生保护和捍卫南方及其对奴隶制的依赖的机构。托马斯·杰斐逊大学的创立是在2019年与大学两百周年庆典同时举行的，该名男子将这名男子与他认为是他最大成就之一的大学交织在一起。

弗吉尼亚大学的第一个帐户出现在1856年（距第一批学生到达校园仅31年）。当时，杰斐逊和他的州立大学首席盟友约瑟夫·C·卡贝尔参议员之间未公开的通讯就此画上了句号。杰斐逊所有杰出学者约翰·A·拉戈斯塔，彼得·S·奥努夫和安德鲁·奥肖内西策划和编辑的这十四篇论文的核心，也是大学和蒙蒂塞洛的档案材料的广泛使用。该书的重心是在1814年和1825年之间，这是杰斐逊准备资金预算和建筑设计的时期，到1825年这所大学由八名教职员工和六十八名学生开设。作者是建筑师，图书馆员，

编辑们不会回避杰斐逊和大学的痛苦，艰难和自相矛盾的历史。通过让学生住在中央草坪附近的教职员工附近，杰斐逊相信他正在创建一个学术村落，该村落将灌输秩序，礼节，学习和家庭安宁。小埃文·L·乔丹（Ervin L. Jordan Jr.）和毛里（Maurie D. 约旦和麦金尼斯利用大学赞助的“杰斐逊大学-早期生活”项目最近才转录和数字化的档案资料以及考古发现，在大学中恢复了黑人的自由和奴役历史。他们非常清楚地表明，杰斐逊的学术村依赖奴隶社区，例如那些维持种植园并创造财富的社区。那里的种植园主的儿子们首先学习了种族压迫和白人至高无上的教训，他们如此残酷地将其应用于学术村的奴隶制人民。约旦在“'为仆人的无礼而追逐仆人'：黄油恶霸案”中，叙述了托马斯·杰斐逊·博伊德（Thomas Jefferson Boyd）等学生的历史，他们曾以残酷的方式服务于一名黑人男服务员（这在大学记录中通常是匿名的）。腐烂的黄油。麦金尼斯（McInnis）指出，美国大学发生性暴力的历史已有多长时间，这是由三名学生试图轮奸一名十二岁的黑人女孩而造成的。那里的种植园主的儿子们首先学习了种族压迫和白人至高无上的教训，他们如此残酷地将其应用于学术村的奴隶制人民。约旦在“'为仆人的无礼而追逐仆人'：黄油恶霸案”中，叙述了托马斯·杰斐逊·博伊德（Thomas Jefferson Boyd）等学生的历史，他们曾以残酷的方式服务于一名黑人男服务员（这在大学记录中通常是匿名的）。腐烂的黄油。麦金尼斯（McInnis）指出，美国大学发生性暴力的历史已有多长时间，这是由三名学生试图轮奸一名十二岁的黑人女孩而造成的。那里的种植园主的儿子们首先学习了种族压迫和白人至高无上的教训，他们如此残酷地将其应用于学术村的奴隶制人民。约旦在“'为仆人的无礼而追逐仆人'：黄油恶霸案”中，叙述了托马斯·杰斐逊·博伊德（Thomas Jefferson Boyd）等学生的历史，他们曾以残酷的方式服务于一名黑人男服务员（这在大学记录中通常是匿名的）。腐烂的黄油。麦金尼斯（McInnis）指出，美国大学发生性暴力的历史已有多长时间，这是由三名学生试图轮奸一名十二岁的黑人女孩而造成的。乔丹讲述了诸如托马斯·杰斐逊·博伊德（Thomas Jefferson Boyd）这样的学生的历史，这些学生曾为黑人男服务生（据大学记录通常如此而得名）遭受残酷对待，因为他被认为是腐的黄油。麦金尼斯（McInnis）指出，美国大学发生性暴力的历史已有多长时间，这是由三名学生试图轮奸一名十二岁的黑人女孩而造成的。乔丹讲述了诸如托马斯·杰斐逊·博伊德（Thomas Jefferson Boyd）这样的学生的历史，这些学生曾为黑人男服务生（据大学记录通常如此而得名）遭受残酷对待，因为他被认为是腐的黄油。麦金尼斯（McInnis）指出，美国大学发生性暴力的历史已有多长时间，这是由三名学生试图轮奸一名十二岁的黑人女孩而造成的。[第117页]

这两篇文章证明了奴隶制，暴力和白人至上主义是如何在弗吉尼亚大学的骨骼中孕育的。McInnis打破了早期对时装系列的关注，他解释说，大学的种族暴力和压迫历史正是校友Richard B. Spencer选择校园和夏洛茨维尔市中心作为他的新集会的原因。纳粹和白人至上主义者在2017年。我希望其他人在乔丹和麦金尼斯的模范著作的基础上，运用阶级，种族，黑人和白人的理论。理论和历史的融合可能有助于我们应对系统性种族主义，而这种系统性种族主义在美国的日常生活和机构中已经存在了很长时间。

“回顾杰斐逊大学的前瞻性使命...