Reviewed by:

• Virginia 1619: Slavery and Freedom in
  the Making of English America ed. by Paul Musselwhite et al.
• Philip Misevich (bio)

Colonial Virginia holds a special place in the history of the United States and the popular imagination of most Americans. Its foundation [End Page 295] rests on two well-known pillars that would seem, at least on the surface, to contradict each other. The General Assembly, the first representative self-governing body in the Americas, illustrates a particular spirit of participatory democracy that animated the colony's early history, at least in comparison to other seventeenth-century settings. The exploitation of enslaved Africans and their descendants, on the other hand, exposes the brutality and depth of unfreedom that equally defined the character of the settlement. That the first African slaves arrived in Jamestown in 1619, the same year the Assembly was established, makes early Virginia a particularly rich environment to probe the interconnected histories of slavery and freedom and consider how they shaped colonialism in the English Atlantic world. Growing out of a conference that Dartmouth College hosted in 2017, the essays in the volume under review, written by senior and junior scholars, require readers to rethink central themes in colonial American history. They collectively reveal how slavery and freedom were born together, and not by accident. The volume interrogates ideas—about people, gender, space, race, work, community, and the environment—that influenced English perceptions of the Americas and describes the practices that both fueled and disrupted colonists' often-utopian visions of the "New World." Many contributors stick closely to the title's narrow spatial and temporal boundaries; others are more wide ranging in their coverage.

The thirteen chapters are not formally organized into larger parts or sections, but they can be loosely grouped according to shared themes. The editors use the introduction to reflect on the meaning of 1619, whose significance, they note, "lies in the extraordinary conjunction of events that ultimately gave definition to the English colonial project and shaped American society for centuries to come" (9). While they acknowledge the uncertainty and messiness that were such prominent realities of colonial decision-making, what emerged in Virginia, they assert, was no mere "jumble of tragic coincidences, but the interweaving of ideology, pragmatic experience, and international rivalries" that "fed into, and were shaped by, local contingencies in Virginia and elsewhere around the Atlantic rim" (12). Situating the colony in such diverse contexts is a complex task that is particularly well suited to an edited collection.

Contributions by Peter C. Mancall, Lauren Working, and Nicholas Canny assess, to varying degrees, pre-1619 ideas about Virginia, targeting its natural world, Indigenous inhabitants, and prospects for settlement. In [End Page 296] the wake of England's flailing early efforts to establish a permanent foothold in the Americas, advocates for continued colonial expansion sought novel ways to drum up financial and moral support for their cause. Man-call describes how a simple picture that the younger Richard Hakluyt, one of England's great collectors of information about the wider world, gave to the naturalist Edward Topsell took on new meaning in this context. The gift, an image of a "virginia bird," represented one of the many foreign and exotic objects of which Europeans tried to make sense. Something so seemingly mundane as the discovery of a new bird, plant, or other unknown commodity, Mancall suggests, could transform the calculus of colonization. Working's chapter also considers how the English made sense of the Americas, focusing on English-Powhatan encounters and their impact on English political culture. That Europeans characterized as "savage" the Indigenous American societies they encountered is well documented; Working notes, however, that such perceptions provoked larger concerns in London about the shortcomings of the English settlers who inhabited the colony, too. Knowledge about Virginia filtered back into Europe and gave birth to new discourse informed by English ideas about developments in the colony. Canny adds a comparative perspective. While they had prominent differences...

审核人：

• 弗吉尼亚1619年：
  《美国英语的塑造中的奴隶制和自由》编辑。保罗·穆塞怀特（Paul Musselwhite）等人。
• 菲利普·米塞维奇（生物）

弗吉尼亚殖民地在美国历史和大多数美国人的普遍想象中占有特殊的地位。它的基础[结束页295]靠在两个众所周知的支柱上，这些支柱似乎至少在表面上是相互矛盾的。大会是美洲第一个具有代表性的自治机构，它展示了一种特别是参与式民主的精神，至少在与十七世纪的其他背景相比，这种精神使殖民地的早期历史更加活跃。另一方面，对被奴役的非洲人及其后裔的剥削暴露了同样定义了该定居点特征的残酷和深度的不自由。大会成立的同一年，第一个非洲奴隶于1619年到达詹姆斯敦，这使弗吉尼亚州早期成为一个特别丰富的环境，可以探究奴隶制和自由的相互联系的历史，并考虑他们如何塑造英国大西洋世界的殖民主义。达特茅斯学院（Dartmouth College）在2017年举办的一次会议的基础上，由高级学者和初级学者撰写的本论文集要求读者重新思考美国殖民历史的中心主题。他们共同揭示了奴隶制和自由是如何一起诞生的，而不是偶然发生的。该书审问了有关人，性别，空间，种族，工作，社区和环境的观念，这些观念影响了英国对美洲的看法，并描述了助长和破坏殖民者对“新世界”的乌托邦式观念的做法。 ” 许多撰稿人都严格遵循标题的狭窄时空界限。其他人的报道范围更广。要求读者重新思考美国殖民历史上的中心主题。他们共同揭示了奴隶制和自由是如何一起诞生的，而不是偶然发生的。该书审问了有关人，性别，空间，种族，工作，社区和环境的观念，这些观念影响了英国对美洲的看法，并描述了助长和破坏殖民者对“新世界”的乌托邦式观念的做法。 ” 许多撰稿人都严格遵守标题的狭窄时空界限；其他人的报道范围更广。要求读者重新思考美国殖民历史上的中心主题。他们共同揭示了奴隶制和自由是如何一起诞生的，而不是偶然发生的。该书审问了有关人，性别，空间，种族，工作，社区和环境的观念，这些观念影响了英国对美洲的看法，并描述了助长和破坏殖民者对“新世界”的乌托邦式观念的做法。 ” 许多撰稿人都严格遵循标题的狭窄时空界限。其他人的报道范围更广。和环境-影响了英国人对美洲的看法，并描述了加剧和破坏殖民者对“新世界”的乌托邦式观念的做法。许多撰稿人都严格遵循标题的狭窄时空界限。其他人的报道范围更广。和环境-影响了英国人对美洲的看法，并描述了加剧和破坏殖民者对“新世界”的乌托邦式观念的做法。许多撰稿人都严格遵循标题的狭窄时空界限。其他人的报道范围更广。

十三章并未正式组织成较大的部分或章节，但可以根据共同的主题将它们粗略地分组。编辑们使用引言来反思1619年的含义，他们指出，其意义“在于事件的非凡结合，这些事件最终为英国殖民计划赋予了定义，并在接下来的几个世纪中塑造了美国社会”（9）。他们坚称，尽管他们承认殖民决策的现实是如此的不确定性和混乱，但他们认为弗吉尼亚州发生的不仅仅是“悲剧的偶然混杂，而是意识形态，务实经验和国际竞争的交织”，“被弗吉尼亚州和大西洋沿岸其他地方的突发事件所影响，并受其影响”（12）。

彼得·C·曼考尔（Peter C.Mancall），劳伦·劳金（Lauren Working）和尼古拉斯·坎尼（Nicholas Canny）的贡献在不同程度上评估了1619年前期针对弗吉尼亚的想法，这些想法针对的是自然世界，土著居民和定居的前景。在[结束页面296]中英格兰为在美洲建立永久立足点而作出的种种努力之初，主张继续进行殖民扩张的倡导者寻求了新颖的方法来为其事业争取财政和道义上的支持。曼恩电话描述了年轻的理查德·哈克卢伊特（Richard Hakluyt）是博物学家爱德华·托普塞尔（Edward Topsell）在自然环境中如何赋予新的意义。礼物是“弗吉尼亚鸟”的形象，代表了欧洲人试图理解的许多外国和异国情调的物体之一。曼考尔（Mancall）建议，像发现新鸟，植物或其他未知商品这样的世俗事物，可能会改变殖民地的演算。Working的章节还考虑了英语如何理解美洲，重点介绍英语-Powhatan遭遇及其对英国政治文化的影响。有充分证据表明，欧洲人将他们遇到的美国土著社会称为“野蛮人”。然而，工作笔记指出，这种看法在伦敦引起了人们对居住在该殖民地的英国定居者的缺点的更大关注。有关弗吉尼亚的知识重新流传至欧洲，并产生了新的话语，这些话语由英国人关于殖民地发展的思想所启发。Canny提出了比较观点。虽然他们有显着差异... 这种看法在伦敦引起了人们对居住在该殖民地的英国定居者的缺点的更大关注。有关弗吉尼亚的知识重新流传至欧洲，并产生了新的话语，这些话语由英国人关于殖民地发展的思想所启发。Canny提出了比较观点。虽然他们有显着差异... 这种看法在伦敦引起了人们对居住在该殖民地的英国定居者的缺点的更大关注。有关弗吉尼亚的知识重新流传至欧洲，并产生了新的论述，而有关英国关于该殖民地发展的观点则启发了这种论述。Canny提出了比较观点。虽然他们有显着差异...