• "It Makes a Fellow Feel Responsible!"Anglo-American Imperial Vistas and "The White Man's Burden" in McClure's Magazine, 1898–99
• Laura Jeffries

While Rudyard Kipling's immeasurably famous poem "The White Man's Burden" generally is seen as an example of British imperial literature, looking at the material context of its publication in American periodicals also illustrates how it contributed to and mirrored American discourse about empire just after the conclusion of the Spanish-American War. First published in the February 1899 issue of McClure's Magazine, advertised on the cover and replacing the customary frontispiece, "The White Man's Burden" also appeared in newspapers across the United States within a few days.¹ In the poem, the de facto literary voice of the British Empire, speaking directly to the American public, encouraged the United States to annex the Philippines after expelling Spain from the islands less than a year earlier.² Kipling—a transnational figure with powerful connections in the American political and media landscape—and his poem energized this conversation while also reflecting rhetoric that was already pervasive in the U.S., and in mass-market magazines like McClure's in particular.³

The six issues of McClure's volume twelve (November 1898 to April 1899) offer a portrait of the milieu into which an influential English author and a powerful American publisher inserted this imperialist poem. As we will see, the poem and its famous author-as-cultural-symbol were very much at home in the pages of McClure's, reifying a collection of ideas about manifest destiny, Anglo-American identity, and the realities of white imperialism abroad.

Examples throughout this volume of the affordable and advertisement-laden McClure's suggest a large readership that envisioned a beneficently Anglo-American and Christian global future while the nation—which had recently realized its first "manifest destiny" across much of North America—began expanding into spaces disconnected from the mainland. In this [End Page 169] paper, I sift through these unexplored primary sources, thickening our description of the poem's provenance by reconstructing the conversation of a segment of culture that participated—publishing, writing, reading—in one side of the debate over American imperial expansion.⁴

Combining a transnational perspective with scholarship on the cultural impacts of turn-of-the-century publishing and American Anglo-Saxonism after the rapprochement, this extended case study adds to a growing collection of inter-imperial histories of the United States and Great Britain.⁵ Ian Tyrrell's important work on American empire encourages the "study of the transnational spaces—mental and material—that individuals and groups created outside of nation."⁶ McClure's is just such a space. The selected 1898–99 volume provides a convenient boundary since the poem, the only part that has received attention so far, appeared virtually in the middle of the volume and within a week of the ratification of the Treaty of Paris. Thus, volume twelve provides a partial snapshot of American culture—insofar as one magazine can portray it and convey it—at a moment that has, for so many historians, marked the beginning of US overseas imperial history.

Though the significance of the McClure's magazine context for "The White Man's Burden" has not been well explored, recent discussions of how imperial literature in English was circulated and received and of Kipling's role in global opinion-making provide a critical backdrop. John Lee's 2014 article "King Demos and His Laureate" uses newspaper archives to clarify an important point for scholarship, that the poem was initially published in McClure's and a few other American newspapers on the first day of February, several days before it was reprinted in England.⁷ Lee is concerned with Kipling's calculated use of the newspaper poem as a transatlantic medium, but his discussion of the magazine's national reach and enormous circulation of about 369,000 copies—as well as his use of recent biographical scholarship to discuss Kipling's presence in America—help to establish the poem's influence in American culture and its essentially American identity.⁸ For my purposes, this matters because McClure's is so often mentioned as a secondary...

• “这使同胞感到负责！” 英美帝国皇室风光和麦克卢尔杂志中的“白人负担”，1898–99年
• 劳拉·杰弗里斯（Laura Jeffries）

吉卜林（Rudyard Kipling）无可估量的著名诗作《白人的负担》（The White Man's Burden）通常被视为英国帝国主义文学的典范，但从其在美国期刊中出版的物质背景来看，也说明了它是如何在总结之后对美国关于帝国的论述做出了贡献和反映出的美西战争的历史。《白人的负担》首次在1899年2月的《麦克卢尔杂志》（McClure's Magazine）上刊登，并在封面上做广告，并取代了惯用的前作。几天后，《白人的负担》也出现在了美国各地的报纸上。¹在诗中，事实上大英帝国的文学之声直接与美国民众对话，在不到一年前将西班牙从这些岛屿驱逐出境之后，便鼓励美国吞并菲律宾。²吉卜林（Kipling）是一位在美国政治和媒体领域拥有强大联系的跨国人物，他的诗为这次谈话增添了活力，同时也反映出在美国已经普遍存在的言论，尤其是在像麦克卢尔（McClure）这样的大众市场杂志中。³

麦克卢尔（McClure）的第十二卷（1898年11月至1899年4月）共六期，提供了一个环境肖像，一位有影响力的英国作家和一位实力强大的美国出版商在其中插入了这幅帝国主义诗歌。就像我们将看到的那样，这首诗及其着名的作为文化符号的作者在麦克卢尔的书页中非常在家中，使关于明显命运，英裔美国人身份以及国外白人帝国主义现实的一系列思想得以充实。

本书中充斥着可负担得起且广告量充沛的麦克卢尔（McClure）的例子，这表明了庞大的读者群，预示着英美和基督教的全球美好未来，而这个刚刚在北美大部分地区实现了首个“明显命运”的国家开始向与大陆断开的空间。在这份[第169页结束]论文中，我筛选了这些未探究的主要文献资料，通过重建参与美国辩论的一侧的文化对话（包括出版，写作，阅读）来加深对诗源的描述。帝国扩张。⁴

在和睦之后，跨国研究与学者对世纪之交出版和美国盎格鲁撒克逊主义的文化影响进行了结合，这个扩展的案例研究增加了美国和英国的帝国间历史收藏。⁵伊恩·泰瑞尔（Ian Tyrrell）在美国帝国方面的重要工作鼓励“对个人和团体在国家外部创造的跨国空间（心理和物质空间的研究）”。⁶ 麦克卢尔的就是这样一个空间。选定的1898–99年册提供了一个方便的界限，因为这首诗是迄今为止唯一受到关注的部分，实际上出现在册中，并且在批准《巴黎条约》的一周之内。因此，第十二卷提供了部分美国文化的快照-就像一本杂志所能描绘和传播的那样-在这一刻，对于许多历史学家来说，这标志着美国海外帝国历史的开始。

尽管尚未很好地探讨麦考勒（McClure）杂志上下文对“白人的负担”的重要性，但最近关于如何传播和接受英语帝国文学以及吉卜林在全球舆论中的作用的讨论提供了关键的背景。约翰·李（John Lee）在2014年发表的文章《国王演示者和他的获奖者》（King Demos and他的获奖者）使用报纸档案阐明了奖学金的重要意义，这首诗最初于2月1日在McClure's和其他几家美国报纸上发表，而在几天后才被转载。英国。⁷Lee关心Kipling计划将报纸诗作为跨大西洋媒体使用，但是他对杂志的全国影响力和约369,000册的巨大发行量的讨论以及他最近的传记奖学金来讨论Kipling在美国的存在有助于他确定这首诗在美国文化中的影响力及其本质上的美国身份。⁸出于我的目的，这很重要，因为经常提到McClure是次要的...