Minimal counterintuitiveness and its automatic processing has been suggested as the explanation of persistence and transmission of cultural ideas. This purported automatic processing remains relatively unexplored. We manipulated encoding strategy to assess the persistence of memory for different types of expectation violation. Participants viewed concepts including two types of expectation violation (schema-level or domain-level) or no violation under three different encoding conditions: in the shallow condition participants focused on the perceptual attributes of the concepts, a deep condition probed their semantic meaning, and intentional remembering condition. Participants’ recall was tested immediately as well as 2 weeks later. Our findings showed the greatest memory enhancement for schema-level violations regardless of the encoding condition, while the memory for domain-level violations improved over time. These results suggest two distinct memory patterns for different types of violations, and illustrate the importance of elaborative processes in memory consolidation especially for violations to our expectations.

有人建议以最小的反直觉性及其自动处理来解释文化观念的持久性和传播性。所谓的自动处理仍然相对未开发。我们操纵了编码策略，以评估针对不同类型的期望违例的记忆的持久性。参与者查看了在三种不同编码条件下包括两种类型的期望违背（模式级别或领域级别）或没有违背的概念：在浅层条件下，参与者关注概念的感知属性，深层条件探究其语义含义，以及故意记忆条件。立即以及2周后对参与者的召回进行测试。我们的发现表明，无论编码条件如何，对于模式级违规的最大内存增强，同时，随着时间的流逝，用于域级违规的内存也有所增加。这些结果为不同类型的违规提出了两种截然不同的内存模式，并说明了详尽的过程在内存整合中的重要性，尤其是对于违反我们预期的行为。