In Islamic cities, the shariʿa determines to what extent women are allowed to attend public spaces. This article addresses women’s public attendance in Tehran, in both the classical and modern periods, and compares this with the prescriptions of the shariʿa. Our exploration of the Qurʾan, hadiths, the practices of religious scholars, and the descriptions of women’s status in travelogues suggests two distinct views, the first of which prohibits any kind of public appearance and considers home to be the best place for women. The second view holds that women can enter public spaces, but with some preconditions. Amidst the complexity of religion, society, culture, and politics, two shariʿa tenets have not changed significantly over time: veiling and sex segregation. Some female spheres outside the home have vanished as others have emerged. As a result of these shifts, the one notable change has been that women appear more frequently in public.

在伊斯兰城市，伊斯兰教法决定了女性在多大程度上被允许进入公共场所。本文讨论了古典时期和现代时期女性在德黑兰的公众出席情况，并将其与伊斯兰教法的规定进行了比较。我们对古兰经、圣训、宗教学者的习俗以及游记中对女性地位的描述的探索表明了两种截然不同的观点，第一种观点禁止任何形式的公开露面，并认为家是女性的最佳场所。第二种观点认为女性可以进入公共空间，但有一些先决条件。在宗教、社会、文化和政治的复杂性中，两个伊斯兰教教义并未随着时间的推移而发生显着变化：面纱和性别隔离。家庭外的一些女性领域已经消失，而其他女性领域则出现了。