Chaim Kaplan (1880–1942), principal and owner of a private elementary Hebrew school in Warsaw, wrote a personal diary from 1933 to 1942. So far, only the WWII years have drawn scholarly attention. However, the interpretation of the diary also requires reading his available unpublished entries. An internal dialogical structure dominates his diary where he engages “the other” that interacts with his own inner voice. His pre-war identity is constructed of different and contradicting facets of Zionist ideology, traditional Jewish value system and way of life, and Polish citizenship. When the war broke out, the diary’s range of voices decreased with Kaplan’s position. His rhetoric displays a clear split between “we” and “them” following the ‘dichotomy’ of congregation and segregation. He expresses a greater empathy toward the Jewish “other” as a fellow sufferer, yet his concern with representing truth remains. To maintain this duality, Kaplan developed a literary ‘alter ego.’

Chaim Kaplan（1880–1942）是华沙一所希伯来私立小学的校长兼所有者，他在1933年至1942年间写了个人日记。到目前为止，只有第二次世界大战年引起了学术界的关注。但是，对日记的解释还需要阅读其可用的未发布条目。内部对话结构在他的日记中占主导地位，在那里他与自己内心的声音互动的“另一者”参与其中。他的战前身份是由犹太复国主义者的意识形态，传统的犹太价值体系和生活方式以及波兰公民的不同且相互矛盾的方面构成的。战争爆发后，卡普兰的位置使日记的声音范围减小。在集会和种族隔离的“二分法”之后，他的言辞清楚地表明了“我们”和“他们”之间的分歧。他对犹太人“其他”作为同胞表达了更大的同情，但他仍然对代表真理表示关注。为了保持这种二重性，卡普兰（Kaplan）开发了文学“改变自我”。