Personalised medicine, digital innovations, and neuro-technologies all offer significant potential benefit for human health and welfare, but also raise complex governance challenges. A variety of approaches have been adopted in the governance of innovative medicines and health technologies, including risk assessment, ethics and self-governance. Recently anticipatory or ‘upstream’ modes of governance have garnered favour. Anticipatory regulation demands a closer relationship between regulators and innovators, to shape the trajectories of the technology. In the EU context, responsible research and innovation has emerged as a key mechanism of governance. This is linked but distinct from a human rights governance which has the advantage of exerting both legal and moral force. What is needed in the healthcare context are governance models which ensure human rights considerations are taken into account from the earliest stages of innovation, to maximise the likelihood that developments are from the outset beneficial and oriented towards protecting ethical values.

个性化医疗、数字创新和神经技术都为人类健康和福利带来了巨大的潜在利益，但也带来了复杂的治理挑战。创新药物和卫生技术的治理采用了多种方法，包括风险评估、伦理和自治。最近，预期的或“上游”的治理模式赢得了青睐。预期监管要求监管者和创新者之间建立更密切的关系，以塑造技术的发展轨迹。在欧盟背景下，负责任的研究和创新已成为治理的关键机制。这与具有同时发挥法律和道德力量优势的人权治理相关但又不同。