This article analyzes how the astronomy of Islamic societies in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries can be understood as cosmological. By studying the Arabic translations of the relevant Greek terms and then the definitions of the medieval Arabic dictionaries, the article finds that Arabic terms did not communicate order in the way implied by the Greek ho kósmos (ὁ κόσμος; the cosmos). Yet, astronomers of the period sometimes discussed cosmic order in addition to describing the cosmos. This article finds, too, that a new technical term, nafs al-amr (the fact of the matter) became part of later discussions of cosmic order.

中文翻译：

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伊斯兰天文学中的宇宙学和宇宙秩序

本文分析了如何将十三和十四世纪的伊斯兰社会的天文学理解为宇宙学的。通过研究相关希腊语的阿拉伯语翻译，然后研究中世纪阿拉伯语词典的定义，文章发现阿拉伯语没有按照希腊语hokósmos（ὁκόσμος ;波斯语）所隐含的方式传达顺序。然而，那个时代的天文学家除了描述宇宙外，有时还会讨论宇宙秩序。本文还发现，新的技术术语nafs al-amr（此事的事实）成为后来的宇宙秩序讨论的一部分。