Oliver Wendell Holmes jr was a survivor of the Civil War. Wounded three times and left for dead once, he survived endless pain and death for a war for which he believed more in the beginning of the virtues of the war than he did at the end. But it was this important experience that pervades his long life. And we now know how to think about how trauma turns to memory sculptured onto the brain. Holmes’ emphasized experience in adjudication and context dependent problem solving or inquiry. Yet while he championed freedom, he had a rather limited view towards those for which the war was fought.

中文翻译：

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Holmes'–美国实用主义者：战争的关键经验：创伤与大脑

小奥利弗·温德尔·福尔摩斯（Oliver Wendell Holmes）是南北战争的幸存者。他受伤了3次，死了一次，死于一场战争，经历了无尽的痛苦和死亡，他对战争的美德比战争结束时更加坚信。但是，正是这种重要的经历弥漫了他的长寿。现在我们知道如何思考创伤如何变成刻在大脑上的记忆。霍姆斯（Holmes）强调在裁决和与情境有关的问题解决或询问方面的经验。然而，尽管他主张自由，但他对那些为战争而战的人持有限的看法。