Abstract

The study was undertaken to determine the effects of different red mud treatments (0, 5, 10, and 15% w/w) in sewage-sludge amended soil (soil:sludge:2:1 w/w) on quantity, quality, and safety of essential oil extracted from the roots of Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver), when used for the phytoremediation of red mud. Garden soil without red mud and sewage-sludge served as control and there were 10 replicates for each treatment. Essential oil content in roots increased under all soil treatments except maximum red mud addition in sludge-amended soil compared to the control. Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopic analysis of oil revealed that 36, 35, 33, and 31 compounds contributed nearly 87.7, 90, 92.1, and 87% of total volatiles under 0, 5, 10, and 15% red mud treatments, respectively. Contents of rosifoliol, α-muurolol, farnesol, γ-costol, isovalencene, and vetivone increased, while selina-6-en-ol, cadin-4-en-10-ol, vetiselinenol, and aristolone decreased with increasing red mud treatments. In essential oil, contents of metals were within the safe limits for food by Food Safety and Standard Authority of India. The study insinuate utilization of 5 and 10% red mud in sludge-amended soil for improved quantity and quality of essential oil, without any metal contamination coupled with enhanced phytoremediation potential of vetiver.

Novelty statement

The present study is of significant importance because phytoremediation of metals in red mud using essential oil-bearing plants such as Chrysopogon zizanioides (commonly known as vetiver) is a potential alternative for on-site management of the waste in most economical and sustainable way. Vetiver is a potential metal tolerant plant with high economic value; therefore the present study was accomplished to evaluate the impacts of metals in red mud on essential oil content and composition, used for remediation and stabilization of dumps. Novelty of the study is that, it aimed to utilize red mud along with sewage-sludge to cultivate vetiver which offers twin benefits, i.e. phytoremediation of metals in red mud coupled with improved quantity and quality of high valued essential oil without metal contamination.

中文翻译：

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Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty 在赤泥处理土壤修复中的应用潜力：通过确定精油含量和成分的变化进行分析

摘要

该研究旨在确定不同赤泥处理（0、5、10 和 15% w/w）在污水污泥改良土壤（土壤：污泥：2：1 w/w）中对数量、质量、从金缕梅根部提取的精油的安全性和安全性（香根草），用于红泥的植物修复。没有赤泥和污水污泥的花园土壤作为对照，每个处理10个重复。与对照相比，除污泥改良土壤中的最大赤泥添加量外，所有土壤处理下根中的精油含量均增加。石油的气相色谱和质谱分析表明，在 0、5、10 和 15% 赤泥处理下，36、35、33 和 31 种化合物分别占总挥发物的近 87.7%、90%、92.1% 和 87%。随着赤泥处理量的增加，蔷薇叶醇、α-muurolol、法尼醇、γ-costol、异瓦伦烯和香根草酮的含量增加，而selina-6-en-ol、cadin-4-en-10-ol、vetiselinenol和aristolon的含量降低。在精油中，金属含量在印度食品安全和标准局的食品安全限度内。该研究暗示在经过污泥处理的土壤中利用 5% 和 10% 的赤泥来提高精油的数量和质量，同时没有任何金属污染，同时增强了香根草的植物修复潜力。

新颖性声明

本研究具有重要意义，因为使用含精油的植物如Chrysopogon zizanioides（通常称为香根草）对赤泥中的金属进行植物修复是一种以最经济和可持续的方式现场管理废物的潜在替代方案。香根草是一种潜在的耐金属植物，具有很高的经济价值；因此，本研究旨在评估红泥中的金属对用于修复和稳定垃圾场的精油含量和成分的影响。该研究的新颖之处在于，它旨在利用赤泥和污水污泥来种植香根草，它具有双重好处，即赤泥中金属的植物修复，以及在没有金属污染的情况下提高高价值精油的数量和质量。