Recent progress in the synthesis of carbon materials from biomass and coal/heavy oil waste and their use as the electrode materials of supercapacitors and Li-ion batteries is reviewed. The carbon precursors include seafood and agricultural waste, and coal and heavy oil by-products. The carbon materials include 0D carbon quantum dots, 1D carbon nanofibers, 2D carbon nanosheets, and 3D carbon frameworks. Techniques to tailor the carbon porosity/surface include KOH activation with and without self-templating, self-activation and/or in-situ templating, and heteroatom doping with N, O, P and their co-doping. The effects of porosity and heteroatom doping on the electrochemical performance are summarized. The challenges for the synthesis, microstructural tailoring of these materials and their potential use in supercapacitors and Li-ion batteries are analyzed.

综述了由生物质和煤/重油废料合成碳材料的最新进展及其在超级电容器和锂离子电池的电极材料中的应用。碳前体包括海鲜和农业废物，以及煤和重油副产品。碳材料包括0D碳量子点，1D碳纳米纤维，2D碳纳米片和3D碳骨架。定制碳孔隙率/表面的技术包括有无自模板化，自激活和/或原位模板化的KOH活化，以及以N，O，P及其共掺杂进行的杂原子掺杂。总结了孔隙率和杂原子掺杂对电化学性能的影响。综合面临的挑战，