Secondary-ion batteries, such as lithium-ion (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), have become a hot research topic owing to their high safety and long cycling life. The electrode materials for LIB/SIBs need to be further developed to achieve high energy and power densities. Anode/cathode active materials based on their alloying/dealloying with lithium, such as the anode materials of silicon, phosphorus, germanium and tin, and the cathode material of sulfur, have a high specific capacity. However, their large volume changes during charging/discharging, the insulating nature of phosphorus and sulfur, as well as the shuttling of polysulfides in a battery with a sulfur cathode decrease their specific capacity and cycling performance. The formation of dendrites in anodes during the deposition/dissolution of Li and Na leads to severe safety issue and hinders their practical use. Carbon materials produced from abundant natural resources have a variety of structures and excellent conductivity making them suitable host frameworks for loading high specific capacity anode/cathode materials. Recent progress in this area is reviewed with a focus on the factors affecting their electrochemical performance as the hosts of active materials. It is found that the mass loading of the active materials and the energy density of the batteries can be enhanced by increasing the specific surface area and pore volume of the carbon frameworks. Large volume changes can be efficiently accommodated using high pore volume carbon frameworks and a moderate loading of the active material. Suppression of the shuttling of polysulfides and therefore a long cycling life can be achieved by increasing the number of binding sites and their binding affinity with polysulfides by surface modification of the carbon frameworks. Dendrite growth can be inhibited by a combination of a high specific surface area and appropriate interface modification. Rate performance can be improved by designing the pore structure to shorten Li⁺/Na⁺ diffusion paths and increasing the electrical conductivity of the carbon frameworks. DFT calculations and simulations can be used to design the structures of carbon frameworks and predict their electrochemical performance.

锂离子电池（LIB）和钠离子电池（SIB）等二次离子电池因其高安全性和长循环寿命而成为研究的热点。用于LIB / SIB的电极材料需要进一步开发以实现高能量和功率密度。基于它们与锂的合金化/脱合金的阳极/阴极活性材料，例如硅，磷，锗和锡的阳极材料以及硫的阴极材料，具有高的比容量。然而，它们在充电/放电期间的大体积变化，磷和硫的绝缘性质以及带有硫阴极的电池中多硫化物的穿梭降低了它们的比容量和循环性能。在Li和Na的沉积/溶解期间在阳极中形成树枝状晶体会导致严重的安全问题并阻碍其实际使用。由丰富的自然资源生产的碳材料具有多种结构和出色的导电性，使其成为装载高比容量阳极/阴极材料的合适基质。综述了该领域的最新进展，重点是影响其作为活性材料主体的电化学性能的因素。已经发现，可以通过增加碳骨架的比表面积和孔体积来提高活性材料的质量负载和电池的能量密度。使用高孔体积的碳骨架和适度的活性材料负载，可以有效地适应大体积变化。通过碳框架的表面修饰增加结合位点的数目及其与多硫化物的结合亲和力，可以抑制多硫化物的穿梭，从而延长循环寿命。高比表面积和适当的界面改性相结合，可以抑制枝晶的生长。通过设计可缩短锂离子含量的孔结构，可以提高倍率性能⁺ / Na ⁺扩散路径并增加碳骨架的电导率。DFT计算和模拟可用于设计碳骨架的结构并预测其电化学性能。