Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to decipher the law relating to cybercrimes regulation and benchmarking best practices that could be adopted to address regulatory weaknesses in some countries. In many countries, cybercrimes regulation is undermined by a lack of robust regulatory regimes. The few regimes that are available are fragmented with no coherent global strategy to deal with these offences across countries and regions. There is a lot of scholarly literature to corroborate the fact that lack of requisite laws on cyber and financial crimes has rendered states lame ducks when faced with well-organized and resourced criminal organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper articulates intricacies of regulating money laundering and cybercrimes using data from selected African countries and beyond. Generic issues on financial crimes, cybercrimes, case law and policy documents drawn from different jurisdictions have been examined based on the objectives of the study. Cybercrime activities and anti-money laundering (AML) regulatory models have been evaluated drawing on experiences of selected countries in Africa and other countries. Questions whether suspicious activity reports are appropriate as a model to counter incidences of cybercrime activities or whether other options should be considered were also examined. Most notably, the risk-based assessment model such as profiling of high-risk clients rather than reporting every transaction will be compared and possibly suggested as a suitable alternative in financial crimes regulation. The authors have evaluated the data and AML regulatory approaches and other policy measures to curtail the foregoing threats. There is a possibility that AML tools used by financial institutions and banking activities could be used to prevent the growing threat of cybercrimes. The paper has also been enriched by case studies of tenuous legal systems and fragmentation of laws on cybercrimes and financial crimes and how these gaps have been exploited to fuel incidences of illicit criminal activities around the globe. The paper has also used empirical data including visits to banks and financial institutions on the nexus between the threat of cybercrimes and money laundering prevention. The authors have been selective, evaluating cases from 2000s to date. This timeline was particularly important because of the increased incidences of computers and money laundering threats globally. After analysing the data, the authors were able to delineate that there is a close connection between the foregoing two crimes, how they operate in practice, differences and similarities in the counter-measures used to mitigate their negative effect globally. Thus, in the authors’ contention, this is a novel study that is likely to spur farther research on law and policy against cyber and AML crimes not only in Uganda but also in other jurisdictions. At the same time, the findings of the study could complement, and perhaps also complete, the work of scholars who have written papers on cybercrimes to advocate for regulatory changes fight against these offences. The study will also complement the work of other researchers who have challenged the segregation of cybercrimes and financial crimes in local and international regulatory discourses. This research aims to make a significant contribution to the study of cybercrimes and how they are regulated in international law.

Findings

The findings of the paper have confirmed that the high incidences of money laundering and cybercrimes today are partly fuelled by inherent weaknesses in the global regulatory system and partly fuelled by weaknesses at an individual state level. Many countries have enacted a raft of anti-cyber and AML legislation but this notwithstanding, these laws have not been used to stem cross-border crimes globally. This is partly explained by the fact that many enforcement institutions lack the requisite capacity to institute measures through which to implement engendered laws and policies easily. The regulatory capacity of many countries has been eviscerated by deficiencies in infrastructure and systems.

中文翻译：

---

不断变化的全球体系中复杂的反洗钱和网络犯罪监管

目的

本文的目的是破译与网络犯罪法规有关的法律，并确定可用于解决某些国家法规缺陷的最佳做法的基准。在许多国家，缺乏健全的监管制度破坏了网络犯罪的监管。现有的少数几个制度零散，没有统一的全球战略来应对国家和地区之间的这些罪行。有大量的学术文献证实了这样一个事实，即面对网络和金融犯罪，缺乏必要的法律已经使国家在面对有组织和有足够资源的犯罪组织时la脚鸭。

设计/方法/方法

本文使用选定的非洲国家及其他国家/地区的数据，阐明了规范洗钱和网络犯罪的复杂性。根据研究目标，研究了有关金融犯罪，网络犯罪，判例法和来自不同司法管辖区的政策文件的一般性问题。网络犯罪活动和反洗钱（AML）监管模型已经根据非洲和其他国家/地区的选定国家的经验进行了评估。有关可疑活动报告是否适合作为应对网络犯罪活动发生率的模型或是否应考虑其他选择的问题。最为显着地，比较基于风险的评估模型（例如对高风险客户进行概要分析而不是报告每笔交易），并有可能建议将其作为金融犯罪法规中的合适替代方案。作者已经评估了数据和AML监管方法以及其他政策措施，以减少上述威胁。金融机构和银行活动使用的反洗钱工具有可能被用来防止网络犯罪的日益严重的威胁。该论文还通过对脆弱的法律体系的案例研究以及有关网络犯罪和金融犯罪的法律的零碎研究以及如何利用这些差距来助长全球非法犯罪活动的发生而得到充实。本文还使用了经验数据，包括访问银行和金融机构，以了解网络犯罪威胁与预防洗钱之间的关系。作者一直有选择性，对2000年代至今的案例进行了评估。由于全球范围内计算机和洗钱威胁的发生率不断上升，因此这一时间表尤为重要。在对数据进行分析之后，作者能够确定上述两种犯罪之间的紧密联系，它们在实践中的运作方式，在全球范围内用于减轻其负面影响的对策中的异同。因此，在作者的争论中，这是一项新颖的研究，不仅在乌干达而且在其他司法管辖区，也有可能促进对打击网络和AML犯罪的法律和政策的进一步研究。同时，该研究的结果可以补充，也可能是完整的，学者们撰写有关网络犯罪的论文，以倡导监管变革来对抗这些犯罪。该研究还将补充其他研究人员的工作，这些研究人员在本地和国际法规论述中对网络犯罪和金融犯罪的隔离提出了挑战。这项研究旨在为网络犯罪及其在国际法中的监管方式做出重大贡献。该研究还将补充其他研究人员的工作，这些研究人员在本地和国际法规论述中对网络犯罪和金融犯罪的隔离提出了挑战。这项研究旨在为网络犯罪及其在国际法中的监管方式做出重大贡献。该研究还将补充其他研究人员的工作，这些研究人员在本地和国际法规论述中对网络犯罪和金融犯罪的隔离提出了挑战。这项研究旨在为网络犯罪及其在国际法中的监管方式做出重大贡献。

发现

该文件的调查结果证实，当今洗钱和网络犯罪的高发部分是由于全球监管体系内在的弱点所致，部分是由于各个州的弱点所致。许多国家颁布了一系列反网络和反洗钱立法，但是尽管如此，这些法律并未在全球范围内用于遏制跨境犯罪。许多执法机构缺乏必要的能力来制定措施以轻松实施已制定的法律和政策，这在一定程度上解释了这一事实。基础设施和系统的不足已使许多国家的监管能力消失了。