Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the problem of tracing criminal proceeds through fungible mixtures, in the context of money laundering prosecutions and with a specific focus on whether clean withdrawals can be made from tainted mixtures.

Design/methodology/approach

The question of withdrawing clean funds from a tainted mixture is framed as a problem of proof rather than a problem of impossibility. The tracing rules are then engaged to overcome evidential difficulties, but the rules are shown to operate very differently in civil proceedings and criminal proceedings. The proper application of the tracing rules in criminal proceedings is then illustrated using the facts of William v R [2013] EWCA Crim 1262.

Findings

Because evidential uncertainties must be resolved in favour of the accused person in criminal proceedings, the tracing rules – properly applied – limit the range of situations in which the Prosecution can successfully trace criminal proceeds through fungible mixtures.

Originality/value

This paper may be useful to law enforcement, those involved in prosecuting or defending money laundering cases and regulated persons assessing their money laundering risks and disclosure obligations.

中文翻译：

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通过洗钱案件中的可替代混合手段追踪犯罪收益

目的

本文的目的是研究在洗钱起诉的背景下，通过可替代的混合物追踪犯罪收益的问题，并特别关注是否可以从污染混合物中进行干净的提款。

设计/方法/方法

从污染的混合物中提取清洁资金的问题被认为是举证问题，而不是不可能的问题。然后采用了追踪规则以克服证据上的困难，但事实证明，这些规则在民事诉讼和刑事诉讼中的运作方式大不相同。然后使用William v R [2013] EWCA Crim 1262的事实说明追查规则在刑事诉讼中的正确应用。

发现

因为在刑事诉讼中必须解决有利于被告的明显不确定性，所以适当适用的追查规则限制了检方可以通过可替代混合物成功追查犯罪收益的情况范围。

创意/价值

本文可能对执法人员，参与起诉或捍卫洗钱案件的人员以及评估其洗钱风险和披露义务的受规制人员有用。