Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discuss new findings on municipal-level occupational licensing and other forms of regulation and introduce a new data set available for researchers to study this largely unexplored area.

Design/methodology/approach

Municipal occupational regulatory data were gathered in 2017 and 2018 from the 50 largest cities in the USA. Data available in the data set include city and state IDs, occupational IDs, requirements associated with the regulations (e.g. education, experience and fees), penalties for practicing without meeting the requirements, regulatory type and NAICS category. Descriptive statistics are used to present information about the number and types of occupations regulated and the number and types of regulations present in the cities.

Findings

The median number of occupations regulated by a city is 24.5, but the numbers per city vary substantially. The 1,832 occupations in the data set are distributed across every NAICS category. The most prevalent form of regulation is registration; certification is least used. Cities are quite diverse in the types of regulations applied to occupations, and the type of regulation varies substantially by industry type.

Originality/value

Research on licensing is dominated by state-level analyses. Largely absent are systematic analyses of licensing and other regulation at the municipal level, likely due to a lack of data. This means the current licensing literature underestimates – perhaps severely so – the prevalence, burdens and effects of licensing. The data introduced and discussed in this paper can help remedy this dearth of municipal licensing analyses.

中文翻译：

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引入关于市级职业监管的新数据集

目的

本文的目的是讨论关于市级职业许可和其他形式监管的新发现，并介绍一个新的数据集，供研究人员研究这个很大程度上未开发的领域。

设计/方法/方法

市政职业监管数据是在 2017 年和 2018 年从美国 50 个最大城市收集的。数据集中可用的数据包括城市和州 ID、职业 ID、与法规相关的要求（例如教育、经验和费用）、不符合要求的实践处罚、监管类型和 NAICS 类别。描述性统计用于提供有关受监管职业的数量和类型以及城市中存在的法规数量和类型的信息。

发现

一个城市监管的职业数量中位数为 24.5，但每个城市的数量差异很大。数据集中的 1,832 个职业分布在每个 NAICS 类别中。最普遍的监管形式是注册；认证最少使用。城市适用于职业的法规类型非常多样化，并且法规类型因行业类型而异。

原创性/价值

许可研究主要由州级分析主导。由于缺乏数据，在很大程度上缺乏对市政层面的许可和其他监管的系统分析。这意味着当前的许可文献低估了——也许严重低估了——许可的普遍性、负担和影响。本文介绍和讨论的数据有助于弥补市政许可分析的不足。