A federal country like India distributes centrally collected funds through certain distribution rules, framed by the finance commission every five years, which primarily aims at horizontal equity among the states, although the goal of vertical equity has also been accommodated lately. The distribution rules do change, but they are largely governed by population and taxable capacity in a static sense. As a result, this brings some horizontal equity in the stated time frame but misses the root cause of inequity among states. This highlights the importance of the dynamics of growth of per capita income of the states which depends on public capital formation since private investment is complementary to public investment. This also raises the issue of time preference along with the attitude towards inequality aversion on the part of individuals in different states in India, which determines the savings that set the limits to private capital formation. This helps one to estimate the optimal value of public capital in a state which would ensure certain predetermined growth target along with inclusivity. If the finance commission could accommodate in its distribution rule the development gap of each state in terms of actual and optimal public capital as mentioned, the horizontal as well as vertical equity can be pursued in a sustainable manner since this addresses both inequity among and within states over time.

像印度这样的联邦国家，通过某些分配规则对中央收集的资金进行分配，该规则由财政委员会每五年制定一次，主要针对各州之间的横向公平，尽管纵向公平的目标最近也得到了解决。分配规则确实会发生变化，但从静态上讲，它们主要受人口和应纳税能力的支配。结果，这在规定的时间范围内带来了一定程度的水平公平，但却错过了国家间不平等的根本原因。这凸显了依赖于公共资本形成的州人均收入增长动态的重要性，因为私人投资是公共投资的补充。这也引发了时间偏好问题，以及印度不同邦的个人对不平等厌恶的态度，这决定了为私人资本形成设定限制的储蓄。这有助于人们估算一种状态下的公共资本的最优价值，这种最优状态将确保一定的预定增长目标以及包容性。如果财政委员会能够按照其分配规则适应每个州在实际和最优公共资本方面的发展差距，那么可以以可持续的方式追求水平和垂直公平，因为这解决了州之间和州内的不平等问题。随着时间的推移。这有助于人们估算一种状态下的公共资本的最优价值，这种最优状态将确保一定的预定增长目标以及包容性。如果财政委员会能够按照其分配规则适应每个州在实际和最优公共资本方面的发展差距，那么可以以可持续的方式追求水平和垂直公平，因为这解决了州之间和州内的不平等问题。随着时间的推移。这有助于人们估算一种状态下的公共资本的最优价值，这种最优状态将确保一定的预定增长目标以及包容性。如果财政委员会能够按照其分配规则适应每个州在实际和最优公共资本方面的发展差距，那么可以以可持续的方式追求水平和垂直公平，因为这解决了州之间和州内的不平等问题。随着时间的推移。