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When the tune shapes morphology: The origins of vocatives
Journal of Language Evolution Pub Date : 2020-09-01 , DOI: 10.1093/jole/lzaa007
Márton Sóskuthy 1 , Timo B Roettger 2, 3
Affiliation  

Abstract
Many languages use pitch to express pragmatic meaning (henceforth ‘tune’). This requires segmental carriers with rich harmonic structure and high periodic energy, making vowels the optimal carriers of the tune. Tunes can be phonetically impoverished when there is a shortage of vowels, endangering the recovery of their function. This biases sound systems towards the optimisation of tune transmission by processes such as the insertion of vowels. Vocative constructions—used to attract and maintain the addressee’s attention—are often characterised by specific tunes. Many languages additionally mark vocatives morphologically. In this article, we argue that one potential pathway for the emergence of vocative morphemes is the morphological re-analysis of tune-driven phonetic variation that helps to carry pitch patterns. Looking at a corpus of 101 languages, we compare vocatives to structural case markers in terms of their phonological make-up. We find that vocatives are often characterised by additional prosodic modulation (vowel lengthening, stress shift, tone change) and contain substantially fewer consonants, supporting our hypothesis that the acoustic properties of tunes interact with segmental features and can shape the emergence of morphological markers. This fits with the view that the efficient transmission of information is a driving force in the evolution of languages, but also highlights the importance of defining ‘information’ broadly to include pragmatic, social, and affectual components alongside propositional meaning.


中文翻译:

当曲调塑造形态时:语音的起源

摘要
许多语言都使用音调来表达实用意义(以下简称“曲调”)。这需要具有丰富谐波结构和高周期能量的分段载波,从而使元音成为曲调的最佳载波。当元音不足时,音调可能会变得贫困,从而危害其功能的恢复。这会使声音系统偏向于通过诸如元音插入之类的过程来优化音调传输。用于吸引和保持收件人注意力的自动结构通常具有特定的音调。另外,许多语言在形态上标记了语音。在本文中,我们认为,发声语素出现的一种可能途径是对音调驱动的语音变体进行形态学重新分析,这有助于传递音高模式。通过查看101种语言的语料库,我们比较了语音和结构性格标记的语音构成。我们发现,发声通常以附加的韵律调制(元音加长,重音移位,音调变化)为特征,并且所包含的辅音要少得多,这支持了我们的假设,即乐曲的声学特性与片段特征相互作用,并可以塑造形态标记的出现。这符合以下观点:有效的信息传递是语言发展的驱动力,但同时也强调了广泛定义“信息”的重要性,以包括务实,社会和情感成分以及命题含义。我们发现,发声通常以附加的韵律调制(元音加长,重音移位,音调变化)为特征,并且所包含的辅音要少得多,这支持了我们的假设,即乐曲的声学特性与片段特征相互作用,并可以塑造形态标记的出现。这符合以下观点:有效的信息传递是语言发展的驱动力,但同时也强调了广泛定义“信息”的重要性,以包括务实,社会和情感成分以及命题含义。我们发现,发声通常以附加的韵律调制(元音加长,重音移位,音调变化)为特征,并且所包含的辅音要少得多,这支持了我们的假设,即乐曲的声学特性与片段特征相互作用,并可以塑造形态标记的出现。这符合以下观点:有效的信息传递是语言发展的驱动力,但同时也强调了广泛定义“信息”的重要性,以包括务实,社会和情感成分以及命题含义。支持我们的假设,即曲调的声学特性与片段特征相互作用,并且可以塑造形态标记的出现。这符合以下观点:有效的信息传递是语言发展的驱动力,但同时也强调了广泛定义“信息”的重要性,以包括务实,社会和情感成分以及命题含义。支持我们的假设,即曲调的声学特性与片段特征相互作用,并且可以塑造形态标记的出现。这符合以下观点:有效的信息传递是语言发展的驱动力,但同时也强调了广泛定义“信息”的重要性,以包括语用,社会和情感成分以及命题含义。
更新日期:2020-09-01
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