Abstract

Whether and under what circumstances forced migrants can claim asylum on the basis of their sexual orientation or gender identity (SOGI) are questions that have received much attention in recent years as issues of human security are increasingly considered by scholars, civil society organization (CSO) practitioners, and the international community. Although there is an international institutional framework in place that establishes the bases for claiming asylum, SOGI is not explicitly mentioned, resulting in institutional gaps that potentially expose survivors of SOGI-related human rights violations to the risk of being denied international protection. At the regional level, individual member states within the European Union (EU) can interpret international legislation differently, resulting in inconsistencies in terms of who is granted protection. This situation has mobilized many CSOs to take action and work to create normative change. This article analyses how specific norm-based strategies for change that have been identified in advocacy work addressing other social and political issues are currently being applied to advocate for SOGI as a formal basis for claiming international protection in Europe. The analysis draws upon CSO documents, writings, and discourse in order to identify the norms they criticize and attempt to weaken, and to uncover the alternative norms they promote. Because norms are a key component of both formal and informal institutions, the article sheds light on how CSOs can use norm-based strategies as powerful mechanisms for advancing political and social change.

中文翻译：

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在欧洲基于性取向和性别认同的基础上分析基于准则的倡导策略以寻求庇护

摘要

近年来，随着人类安全问题被学者，民间社会组织（CSO）越来越多地考虑，强迫移民是否以及在何种情况下可以根据其性取向或性别认同（SOGI）要求庇护，这是一个备受关注的问题。从业者和国际社会。尽管已经建立了一个国际机构框架来建立寻求庇护的基础，但并未明确提及SOGI，从而导致体制空白，有可能使与SOGI相关的侵犯人权行为的幸存者面临被剥夺国际保护的风险。在区域一级，欧盟（EU）内的各个成员国可能对国际立法的解释有所不同，从而导致在授予谁的保护方面不一致。这种情况动员了许多公民社会组织采取行动并努力创造规范性的变化。本文分析了当前在解决其他社会和政治问题的倡导工作中已经确定的基于规范的特定变革策略是如何被用来倡导SOGI的，将其作为在欧洲主张国际保护的正式基础。该分析利用CSO的文档，著作和话语来确定他们批评并试图削弱的规范，并发现他们所提倡的替代规范。由于规范是正式和非正式机构的关键组成部分，因此本文阐明了公民社会组织如何将基于规范的策略用作推动政治和社会变革的强大机制。本文分析了当前在解决其他社会和政治问题的倡导工作中已经确定的基于规范的特定变革策略是如何被用来倡导SOGI的，将其作为在欧洲主张国际保护的正式基础。该分析利用CSO的文档，著作和话语来确定他们批评并试图削弱的规范，并发现他们所提倡的替代规范。由于规范是正式和非正式机构的关键组成部分，因此本文阐明了公民社会组织如何将基于规范的策略用作推动政治和社会变革的强大机制。本文分析了当前在解决其他社会和政治问题的倡导工作中已经确定的基于规范的特定变革策略是如何被用来倡导SOGI的，将其作为在欧洲主张国际保护的正式基础。该分析利用CSO的文档，著作和话语来确定他们批评并试图削弱的规范，并发现他们所提倡的替代规范。由于规范是正式和非正式机构的关键组成部分，因此本文阐明了公民社会组织如何将基于规范的策略用作推动政治和社会变革的强大机制。