Results of public opinion surveys on the same topic can diverge for various reasons, for example, different survey timings, different operationalizations of the objects of investigation, different target populations, or the fact that the surveys are conducted by different survey agencies (“houses”). The latter phenomenon is conventionally referred to as “house effects” (Smith, 1978, 1982, 2011; Weisberg, 2005), which can occur even if the survey agencies use identical question wordings or target populations (cf., Converse & Traugott, 1986; Erikson & Wlezien, 2001; Flores, 2015; Lau, 1994; Traugott, 2005; Wlezien & Erikson, 2007). However, although the existence of house-related differences in survey results has been well known in public opinion research since the two studies by Tom W. Smith from 1978 and 1982, respectively (Smith, 1978, 1982), little work has been done on the relevance of house effects in repeated surveys. Furthermore, the studies that investigated house effects in repeated surveys were based on secondary data which were primarily collected to measure public opinion on certain topics rather than to address methodological research questions (Smith, 1978; Wright, Farrar, & Russell, 2014).1¹ Thus, in these studies, it was impossible to control for factors influencing differences between houses such as interviewer instructions, sampling procedures, order and position of questions in the questionnaire or basic parameters to be fulfilled by the houses during the field work.

中文翻译：

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房屋影响对于重复民意调查的重要性

同一主题的民意调查结果可能会因各种原因而出现差异，例如，不同的调查时间，调查对象的不同操作，不同的目标人群，或者调查是由不同的调查机构（“房屋”）进行的。 ）。后者通常被称为“房屋效应”（Smith，1978，1982，2011； Weisberg，2005），即使调查机构使用相同的疑问词或目标人群也可能发生（cf.，Converse＆Traugott，1986）。 ； Erikson＆Wlezien，2001； Flores，2015； Lau，1994； Traugott，2005； Wlezien＆Erikson，2007）。但是，自汤姆·史密斯（Tom W. Smith）分别于1978年和1982年进行两项研究以来，尽管民意调查中房屋相关差异的存在已广为人知（Smith，1978 （1982年），在重复调查中，关于房屋影响的相关性还很少进行。此外，在重复调查中对房屋影响进行调查的研究基于次要数据，这些数据主要是用来衡量某些主题的民意，而不是解决方法学研究问题（Smith，1978; Wright，Farrar，＆Russell，2014）.1¹因此，在这些研究中，不可能控制影响房屋之间差异的因素，例如访调员的指示，抽样程序，问卷中问题的顺序和位置或房屋在野外工作期间要满足的基本参数。