Abstract

Following the German invasion of the USSR on June 22, 1941, murderous violence against local Jews broke out in many localities of the territories it had occupied in the wake of the 1939 Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact. In particular, organizers demanded revenge for the recent Stalinist repressions and deportations. Participants claimed that the “Jewish Soviet state,” the “Jewish NKVD,” or local Jews had been responsible for those crimes. Even now, the legend of prewar Jewish responsibility figures in the dubious “double genocide” thesis animating nationalistic historiographies in Eastern Europe and its international diasporas. The following study counters that mythology, addressing the story of actual Jews in the NKVD at the end of the 1930s. It draws on the archives of the Ukrainian security services, especially records that document Stalin’s effort to divert blame for the recent Great Terror onto senior and mid-level officials. Stalin’s green light to criticize the bosses gave other NKVD officers the opportunity to address many issues, including that of antisemitism among NKVD cadres. These sources suggest that antisemitism was in fact a potent force within the NKVD in Ukraine and elsewhere.

中文翻译：

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第二次世界大战前夕在苏联乌克兰的“犹太人NKVD”中的反犹太主义

摘要

1941年6月22日德国入侵苏联之后，针对当地犹太人的谋杀性暴力在1939年《苏德非侵略条约》占领后的许多地方爆发。特别是，组织者要求对斯大林主义最近的镇压和驱逐进行报复。与会者声称，“犹太苏维埃国家”，“犹太人NKVD”或当地犹太人应为这些罪行负责。即使到了现在，在可疑的“双重种族灭绝”论点中，也有战前犹太人责任的传说，该论点为东欧及其国际侨民的民族主义史学作了动画。以下研究与该神话相反，涉及1930年代末NKVD中实际犹太人的故事。它利用了乌克兰安全部门的档案，特别是记录了斯大林为将最近的“大恐怖”的责任转嫁给高级和中级官员的努力的记录。斯大林批评老板的绿灯使其他NKVD官员有机会解决许多问题，包括NKVD干部中的反犹太主义。这些资料表明，反犹太主义实际上是一种强大的力量。内内务部在乌克兰和其他地方。