There is good reason to think that moral responsibility as accountability is tied to the violation of moral demands. This lends intuitive support to Type-Symmetry in the collective realm: A type of responsibility entails the violation or unfulfillment of the same type of all-things-considered duty. For example, collective responsibility necessarily entails the violation of a collective duty. But Type-Symmetry is false. In this paper I argue that a non-agential group can be collectively responsible without thereby violating a collective duty. To show this I distinguish between four types of responsibility and duty in collective contexts: corporate, distributed, collective, shared. I set out two cases: one involves a non-reductive collective action that constitutes irreducible wrongdoing, the other involves a non-divisible consequence. I show that the violation of individual or shared duties both can lead to irreducible wrongdoing for which only the group is responsible. Finally, I explain why this conclusion does not upset any work on individual responsibility.

中文翻译：

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论集体责任与集体义务的关系

有充分的理由认为，作为问责制的道德责任与违反道德要求有关。这为集体领域中的类型对称提供了直观的支持：一种责任需要违反或不履行相同类型的责任。所有的情况都被考虑到了义务。例如，集体责任必然导致违反集体义务。但是类型对称是错误的。在本文中，我认为一个非代理团体可以在不违反集体义务的情况下承担集体责任。为了表明这一点，我区分了集体环境中的四种责任和义务：公司、分布式、集体、共享。我列举了两种情况：一种涉及构成不可减少的不法行为的非还原性集体行为，另一种涉及不可分割的后果。我表明，违反个人或共同职责都可能导致无法减少的错误行为，而只有集体负责。最后，我解释了为什么这个结论不会扰乱任何关于个人责任的工作。