Rational explanation of action out of emotion faces a number of challenges. The Wrong Explanation Challenge says that explaining action out of emotion by reference to a purpose rather than an emotion gets it wrong. The Redundancy Challenge says that if explanation of an action by reference to emotion is sufficient then rational explanation is redundant. And the No Further Justification Challenge says that there is no more to say, at the level of rational explanation, about why people act as they do out of a particular emotion. Furthermore, even if these challenges can be addressed, there is a Problem of Expressive Action, since many actions out of emotion seem unpromising candidates for being guided by normative practical reasons of the prudential, instrumental, deontic or consequentialist sort. In response, I argue that many actions out of emotions should be understood as expressive actions guided by the agent's conception of normative practical reasons: specifically, their conception of expressive reasons.

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表达行动的问题

出于情感对行动的合理解释面临着许多挑战。错误解释挑战说，通过参考目的而不是情绪来解释情绪是错误的。冗余挑战说，如果通过参考情感来解释动作就足够了，那么理性解释就是多余的。没有进一步的理由挑战说，在理性解释的层面上，没有更多的东西可以说明人们为什么会出于某种特定的情绪而采取行动。此外，即使可以解决这些挑战，也存在表达行动的问题，因为许多出于情感的行动在审慎、工具、道义或后果主义等规范性实践原因的指导下似乎没有希望。作为回应，