The liberal social thought of the long 1950s is best seen as an attempt to combat the threat that the United States, as a modern mass society, could succumb to totalitarianism. Widely discussed texts like Escape from Freedom, The Vital Center, The Lonely Crowd, and The Origins of Totalitarianism announced the threat. Academic and theoretical studies worked to provide social supports for now weakened individuals or to find behavioral evidence that Americans still functioned as liberal democrats, but they did so by subordinating individual autonomy and mutual social responsibility to social systems, the market, and elites. Although social liberalism revived during the 1960s, the Great Society fused social liberalism to the Cold War state; the movements for civil rights and social inclusion, fueled by the desire for authenticity, veered into individualistic, identitarian channels; and radical calls for participatory democracy magnified both desires for authenticity and fears of American totalitarianism. Until the end of the century the totalitarian frame of liberal social thought continued to encourage visions of the future as a monolithic totality, to steer liberal social thinkers into individualistic channels, to hobble mutualistic conceptions of the social, and to weaken the ability of social liberals to respond to the conservative backlash that grew through the century and beyond.

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美国社会思想中的社会发生了什么？第2部分

1950 年代漫长的自由主义社会思想最好被视为对抗美国作为现代大众社会可能屈服于极权主义的威胁的一种尝试。广泛讨论的文本，例如逃离自由、生命中心、孤独的人群， 和极权主义的起源宣布威胁。学术和理论研究致力于为现在被削弱的个人提供社会支持，或者寻找行为证据表明美国人仍然是自由民主主义者，但他们这样做是通过将个人自主权和相互社会责任从属于社会制度、市场和精英来实现的。尽管社会自由主义在 1960 年代复兴，但大社会将社会自由主义与冷战状态融合在一起。在对真实性的渴望的推动下，争取公民权利和社会包容的运动转向了个人主义、身份主义的渠道；对参与式民主的激进呼吁放大了对真实性的渴望和对美国极权主义的恐惧。