In premodern economic systems where the social embedding of exchange provided actors with the ability to control or monopolize trade, including the goods that enter and leave a marketplace, “restricted markets” formed. These markets produced external revenues that could be used to achieve political goals. Conversely, commercialized systems required investment in public goods that incentivize the development of market cooperation and “open markets,” where buyers and sellers from across social sectors and diverse communities could engage in exchange as economic equals within marketplaces. In this article, we compare market development at the Late Postclassic sites of Chetumal, Belize, and Tlaxcallan, Mexico. We identified a restricted market at Chetumal, using the distribution of exotic goods, particularly militarily and ritually charged obsidian projectile points; in contrast, an open market was built at Tlaxcallan. Collective action theory provides a useful framework to understand these differences in market development. We argue that Tlaxcaltecan political architects adopted more collective strategies, in which open markets figured, to encourage cooperation among an ethnically diverse population.

中文翻译：

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后经典中美洲晚期的交易系统：比较墨西哥特拉斯卡兰和伯利兹圣丽塔科罗萨尔的开放市场和受限市场

在前现代经济体系中，交换的社会嵌入为行为者提供了控制或垄断贸易的能力，包括进出市场的商品，形成了“受限市场”。这些市场产生了可用于实现政治目标的外部收入。相反，商业化系统需要对公共产品进行投资，以激励市场合作和“开放市场”的发展，来自不同社会部门和不同社区的买家和卖家可以在市场内以经济平等的方式进行交易。在本文中，我们比较了伯利兹切图马尔和墨西哥特拉斯卡兰晚期后经典遗址的市场发展。我们在 Chetumal 确定了一个受限市场，使用异国商品的分销，特别是军事和仪式上的黑曜石射弹点；相比之下，特拉斯卡兰建立了一个开放市场。集体行动理论提供了一个有用的框架来理解市场发展中的这些差异。我们认为，特拉斯卡尔特坎的政治建筑师采用了更多的集体战略，其中开放市场是重要的，以鼓励不同种族的人口之间的合作。