This article describes the argumentative steps in the halakhic give-and-take conversations in the Mishnah and Tosefta, which are two compilations written in Tannaitic language, the language that had been used in the first period of Mishnaic Hebrew. The argumentative steps in the conversations are examined, i.e., the connection between the arguments of the sages when they present their views in the conversations.The analysis of argumentative steps in halakhic give-and-take conversations in the Mishnah and Tosefta is based on the model proposed by Muntigl and Turnbull (1998). This model has classified the four types of disagreement acts, which were found in naturally occurring conversations: counterclaim, contradiction, challenge and irrelevancy claim; and it also ranks the degree of aggressiveness of the acts. The study conducted by Blondheim and Blum-Kulka (2001) on a Talmudic text was also based on Muntigl and Turnbull's study.The aim of this article is to try to assess the degree of aggressiveness of the halakhic give-and-take conversations in the Mishnah and Tosefta by means of an examination of the types of argumentative steps. The findings from these two compilations are compared to the findings of the two previous studies.

中文翻译：

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Mishnah 和 Tosefta 中 Halakhic 给予和接受对话中的争论步骤：一种测量对话中攻击性程度的方法

本文描述了 Mishnah 和 Tosefta 中 Halakhic 给予和接受对话中的争论步骤，这两个汇编是用 Tannaitic 语言编写的，该语言在 Mishnaic 希伯来语的第一阶段使用过。考察了对话中的争论步骤，即圣贤在对话中提出观点时的论点之间的联系。对《密西拿》和《托塞夫塔》中哈拉克的交换对话中的争论步骤的分析是基于Muntigl 和 Turnbull (1998) 提出的模型。该模型将在自然发生的对话中发现的四种分歧行为分类：反诉、矛盾、挑战和无关主张；它还对行为的攻击性程度进行排名。Blondheim 和 Blum-Kulka (2001) 对 Talmudic 文本进行的研究也是基于 Muntigl 和 Turnbull 的研究。本文的目的是试图评估 harakhic 给予和接受对话的攻击性程度。 Mishnah 和 Tosefta 通过检验论证步骤的类型。这两个汇编的结果与前两个研究的结果进行了比较。