During the worst year of the Great Irish Famine, ‘Black ’47’, tens of thousands of people fled across the Irish Sea from Ireland to Britain, desperately escaping the starvation and disease plaguing their country. These refugees, crowding unavoidably into the most insalubrious accommodation British towns and cities had to offer, were soon blamed for deadly outbreaks of epidemic typhus which emerged across the country during the first half of 1847. Indeed, they were accused of transporting the pestilence, then raging in Ireland, over with them. Typhus mortality rates in Ireland and Britain soared, and so closely connected with the disease were the Irish in Britain that it was widely referred to as ‘Irish fever’. Much of what we know about this epidemic is based on a handful of studies focusing almost exclusively on major cities along the British west-coast. Moreover, there has been little attempt to understand the legacy of the episode on the Irish in Britain. Taking a national perspective, this article argues that the ‘Irish fever’ epidemic of 1847 spread far beyond the western port of entry, and that the epidemic, by entrenching the association of the Irish with deadly disease, contributed significantly to the difficulties Britain's Irish population faced in the 1850s.

中文翻译：

---

大饥荒期间英国的“爱尔兰热”：移民、疾病和“黑人 47 岁”的遗产

在爱尔兰大饥荒最严重的一年“黑色 47”中，数以万计的人从爱尔兰穿越爱尔兰海逃往英国，拼命逃离困扰他们国家的饥饿和疾病。这些难民不可避免地涌入英国城镇所提供的最不健康的住所，很快就被指责为 1847 年上半年在全国爆发的致命流行性斑疹伤寒。事实上，他们被指控传播瘟疫，然后在爱尔兰肆虐，与他们同在。爱尔兰和英国的斑疹伤寒死亡率飙升，与这种疾病密切相关的是英国的爱尔兰人，以至于它被广泛称为“爱尔兰热”。我们对这种流行病的大部分了解都是基于少数几项研究，这些研究几乎完全集中在英国西海岸的主要城市。此外，几乎没有人试图了解这一事件对英国爱尔兰人的影响。从国家的角度来看，本文认为 1847 年的“爱尔兰热”流行病已经蔓延到西部入境口岸之外，而且这种流行病通过巩固爱尔兰人与致命疾病的联系，大大加剧了英国爱尔兰人口的困难。面对 1850 年代。