The 1990s saw a systemic shift from the liberal post–World War II international order of liberal multilateralism (LIO I) to a post–Cold War international order of postnational liberalism (LIO II). LIO II has not been only rule-based but has openly pursued a liberal social purpose with a significant amount of authority beyond the nation-state. While postnational liberal institutions helped increase overall well-being globally, they were criticized for using double standards and institutionalizing state inequality. We argue that these institutional features of the postnational LIO II led to legitimation problems, which explain both the current wave of contestations and the strategies chosen by different contestants. We develop our argument first by mapping the growing liberal intrusiveness of international institutions. Second, we demonstrate the increased level and variety of contestations in international security and international refugee law. We show that increased liberal intrusiveness has led to a variety of contestation strategies, the choice of which is affected by the preference of a contestant regarding postnational liberalism and its power within the contested institution.

中文翻译：

---

自由国际秩序之争：从自由多边主义到后国家自由主义

1990 年代见证了二战后自由主义国际秩序的系统性转变自由多边主义(LIO I) 到冷战后的国际秩序后民族自由主义（里奥二）。LIO II 不仅以规则为基础，而且公开追求自由的社会目标，并拥有超越民族国家的大量权威。虽然后国家自由制度有助于提高全球整体福祉，但它们因使用双重标准和将国家不平等制度化而受到批评。我们认为，后国家 LIO II 的这些制度特征导致了合法性问题，这既解释了当前的竞争浪潮，也解释了不同竞争者选择的策略。我们首先通过描绘国际机构日益增长的自由主义侵入性来发展我们的论点。其次，我们展示了国际安全和国际难民法争论的层次和种类的增加。