Climate ethics have been concerned with polluter pays, beneficiary pays and ability to pay principles, all of which consider climate change as a single negative externality. This paper considers it as a constellation of externalities, positive and negative, with different associated demands of justice. This is important because explicitly considering positive externalities has not to our knowledge been done in the climate ethics literature. Specifically, it is argued that those who enjoy passive gains from climate change owe gains not to the net losers, but to the emitters, just as the emitters owe compensation to the net losers for the negative externality. This is defended by appeal to theoretical virtues and to the social benefits of generating positive externalities, even when those positive externalities are coupled with far greater negative externalities. We call this the Polluter Pays, Then Receives (‘PPTR', or ‘Peter') Principle.

中文翻译：

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气候变化的赢家应该欠谁？

气候伦理一直关注污染者薪酬、受益者薪酬和支付能力原则，所有这些原则都将气候变化视为单一的负外部性。本文认为它是一个由正面和负面的外部性组成的星座，具有不同的相关正义要求。这很重要，因为据我们所知，气候伦理文献中尚未明确考虑积极的外部性。具体来说，有人认为，那些从气候变化中获得被动收益的人不应该为净输家而获得收益，而是应该给排放者，正如排放者应为负外部性向净输家提供补偿一样。这通过诉诸理论美德和产生积极外部性的社会利益来捍卫，即使这些积极的外部性与更大的负面外部性相结合。我们将此称为污染者付费，然后接收（“PPTR”或“彼得”）原则。