The access to clean water is a critical issue in the context of climate change and worldwide pollution, calling for advanced methods of purification. Recent advances in materials science, nanoscience, and analytical chemistry have led to the design of novel nanoadsorbents having a unique properties, structure, and adsorption performances. In particular, research has focused on all-inclusive adsorbents which can remove different contaminants simultaneously. Here, we review the adsorption dynamics of doped, ionic liquid-enhanced, bio-based, and chemically functionalized materials. We examine their characteristics, underlying principles of adsorption, and their potential limitations in adsorbing various metal ions and xenobiotics. We found that chemical functionalization with specific organic moieties is a preferred approach for enhancing the adsorption capacities and selectivity of raw materials. Moreover, doping can also modulate the morphology, electronic structure, and surface chemistry for higher performance. Ionic liquids are promising solvents for the synthesis of stable adsorbents, owing to ionic liquid ability to pull other molecules through hydrogen bonds or electrostatic forces.

在气候变化和全球污染的背景下，获得清洁水是一个关键问题，需要先进的净化方法。材料科学，纳米科学和分析化学的最新进展导致了具有独特性质，结构和吸附性能的新型纳米吸附剂的设计。特别地，研究集中在可以同时去除不同污染物的全包吸附剂上。在这里，我们审查了掺杂，离子液体增强，生物基和化学功能化的材料的吸附动力学。我们研究了它们的特性，基本的吸附原理以及它们在吸附各种金属离子和异种生物素方面的潜在局限性。我们发现具有特定有机部分的化学官能化是增强原料的吸附能力和选择性的一种优选方法。而且，掺杂还可以调节形态，电子结构和表面化学，以获得更高的性能。由于离子液体具有通过氢键或静电力拉动其他分子的能力，因此离子液体是用于合成稳定吸附剂的有前途的溶剂。