Alpha₂-adrenergic agonists have been implicated in the development of pulmonary edema (PE) and sustained hypoxemia that lead to life-threatening pulmonary distress in ruminants, especially with sensitive and compromised animals. Recently, there is limited understanding of exact mechanism underlying pulmonary alterations associated with α₂-adrenergic agonist administration. Ruminants have a rich population of pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) in the pulmonary circulation, which may be involved in the development of pulmonary alveolo-capillary barrier damage. Hence, the central thesis of this review is overviewing the literatures regarding the systemic use of α₂-adrenergic agonists in domestic ruminants, focusing on their pulmonary side effects, especially on the influence of PIMs on the lung. At this moment, further studies are needed to provide a clear emphasis and better understanding of the potential role of PIMs in the lung pathophysiology associated with α₂-adrenergic agonists. These preliminary studies would be potentially to develop future medications and intervention targets that may be helpful to alleviate or prevent the critical striking pulmonary effects, and thereby improving the safety of α₂-agonist application in ruminants.

中文翻译：

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α2-肾上腺素能激动剂联合麻醉剂在反刍动物肺血管内巨噬细胞致肺水肿和低氧血症中的应用及意义

α ₂肾上腺素能激动剂与肺水肿 (PE) 和持续低氧血症的发展有关，这些低氧血症导致反刍动物，尤其是敏感和受损的动物，危及生命的肺窘迫。最近，对与 α _{2 -}肾上腺素能激动剂给药相关的肺部改变的确切机制了解有限。反刍动物在肺循环中具有丰富的肺血管内巨噬细胞 (PIM)，这可能与肺泡毛细血管屏障损伤的发展有关。因此，本综述的中心论文是综述有关系统使用 α ₂的文献。-国内反刍动物的肾上腺素能激动剂，重点关注其肺部副作用，尤其是 PIMs 对肺部的影响。目前，需要进一步研究以明确强调和更好地理解 PIM 在与 α _{2 -}肾上腺素能激动剂相关的肺病理生理学中的潜在作用。这些初步研究可能会开发未来的药物和干预目标，可能有助于减轻或预防严重的肺部影响，从而提高 α ₂激动剂在反刍动物中应用的安全性。