The 1933 Ukrainian famine killed as many as 2.6 million people out of a population of 32 million. Historians offer three main explanations: weather, economic policies, genocide. This paper documents that (1) available data do not support weather as the main explanation: 1931 and 1932 weather predicts harvest roughly equal to the 1924–1929 average; weather explains up to 8.1 percent of excess deaths. (2) Policies (collectivization of agriculture and the lack of favored industries) significantly increased famine mortality; collectivization explains up to 52 percent of excess deaths. (3) There is some evidence that ethnic Ukrainians and Germans were discriminated against.

中文翻译：

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饥荒的政治经济学：1933 年的乌克兰饥荒

1933 年的乌克兰饥荒导致 3200 万人口中多达 260 万人死亡。历史学家提供了三种主要解释：天气、经济政策、种族灭绝。本文记录了 (1) 现有数据不支持天气作为主要解释：1931 年和 1932 年的天气预测收成大致等于 1924-1929 年的平均值；天气解释了高达 8.1% 的超额死亡。(2) 政策（农业集体化和缺乏优惠产业）显着增加了饥荒死亡率；集体化解释了高达 52% 的超额死亡。(3) 有证据表明乌克兰人和德国人受到歧视。