Numerous studies document the connection between American evangelicalism and male insecurity stemming from essentialist, phallocentric conceptions of masculinity. Yet data have often been confined to individuals’ responses in surveys or qualitative interviews. This limits our understanding because individuals may lie about the most personal sources of insecurity (even to themselves) and such data are difficult to aggregate to broader subcultural influences. Building on a moral communities’ framework, in this research note we analyze Google Trends data and focus on the prevalence of explicit searches for “male enhancement” terms and phrases, simultaneously indicating (1) the internalization of a subculture that prioritizes essentialist, phallocentric standards of masculinity and (2) a privately felt failure to meet those standards. Even after accounting for a host of state-level confounds, the preponderance of evangelicals in a state consistently predicts more Google searches for terms and phrases like “male enhancement,” “ExtenZe,” “penis pump,” “penis enlargement,” and others. We theorize that the largely patriarchal―and increasingly embattled and radicalized―evangelical subculture explicitly or implicitly promotes equating masculinity with physical strength and size, leaving men influenced by that subculture (whether evangelical or not) to seek solutions for their privately felt failure to measure up.

中文翻译：

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使用谷歌搜索将福音派亚文化和阳具不安全的男性气质联系起来以提高男性能力

大量研究记录了美国福音派主义与源于本质主义、男性中心主义的男性气质概念的男性不安全感之间的联系。然而，数据通常仅限于个人在调查或定性访谈中的反应。这限制了我们的理解，因为个人可能会对最个人的不安全感来源（甚至对他们自己）撒谎，而且这些数据很难汇总到更广泛的亚文化影响中。在道德社区框架的基础上，在本研究报告中，我们分析了 Google 趋势数据，并重点关注明确搜索“男性增强”术语和短语的流行情况，同时表明 (1) 优先考虑本质主义、男性中心标准的亚文化的内化阳刚之气和（2）私下感到未能达到这些标准。即使在考虑了许多州级的混淆之后，一个州中福音派的优势始终预测更多的谷歌搜索术语和短语，如“男性增强”、“ExtenZe”、“阴茎泵”、“阴茎增大”等. 我们的理论是，主要是父权制的——而且越来越四面楚歌和激进化的——福音派亚文化明确或隐含地提倡将男子气概与体力和体型等同起来，让受这种亚文化（无论是否福音派）影响的男性寻求解决方案，以解决他们私下感到无法达到的标准.