There is growing evidence that species and communities are responding to, and will continue to be affected by, climate change. For species at risk, vulnerability can be reduced by ensuring that their habitat is extensive, connected and provides opportunities for dispersal and/or gene flow, facilitating a biological response through migration or adaptation. For woodland epiphytes, vulnerability might also be reduced by ensuring sufficient habitat heterogeneity, so that microhabitats provide suitable local microclimates, even as the larger scale climate continues to change (i.e. microrefugia). This study used fuzzy set ordination to compare bryophyte and lichen epiphyte community composition to a large-scale gradient from an oceanic to a relatively more continental macroclimate. The residuals from this relationship identified microhabitats in which species composition reflected a climate that was more oceanic or more continental than would be expected given the prevailing macroclimate. Comparing these residuals to features that operate at different scales to create the microclimate (landscape, stand and tree-scale), it was possible to identify how one might engineer microrefugia into existing or new woodland, in order to reduce epiphyte vulnerability to climate change. Multimodel inference was used to identify the most important features for consideration, which included local effects such as height on the bole, angle of bole lean and bark water holding capacity, as well as tree species and tree age, and within the landscape, topographic wetness and physical exposure.

中文翻译：

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气候变化避难所：附生植物群落组成中的景观、林分和树木尺度小气候

越来越多的证据表明，物种和群落正在应对气候变化，并将继续受到气候变化的影响。对于处于危险中的物种，可以通过确保其栖息地广泛、相互联系并为扩散和/或基因流动提供机会来降低脆弱性，从而通过迁移或适应促进生物反应。对于林地附生植物，通过确保足够的栖息地异质性，也可以降低脆弱性，以便微生境提供合适的当地小气候，即使更大规模的气候继续变化（即微避难所）。这项研究使用模糊集排序来比较苔藓植物和地衣附生植物群落组成与从海洋到相对大陆性大气候的大规模梯度。这种关系的残差确定了微生境，其中物种组成反映的气候比考虑到普遍的大气候时预期的更海洋或更大陆性。将这些残留物与在不同尺度上产生微气候（景观、林分和树木尺度）的特征进行比较，可以确定如何将微避难所设计到现有或新的林地中，以减少附生植物对气候变化的脆弱性。多模型推理用于确定最重要的考虑因素，包括对树干的高度、树干倾斜角度和树皮持水能力以及树种和树龄等局部影响，以及景观内的地形湿度和身体接触。