Partially clonality is an incredibly common reproductive mode found across all the major eukaryotic lineages. Yet, population genetic theory is based on exclusive sexuality or exclusive asexuality, and partial clonality is often ignored. This is particularly true in haplodiplontic eukaryotes, including algae, ferns, mosses, and fungi, where somatic development occurs in both the haploid and diploid stages. Haplodiplontic life cycles are predicted to be correlated with asexuality, but tests of this prediction are rare. Moreover, there are unique consequences of having long-lived haploid and diploid stages in the same life cycle. For example, clonal processes uncouple the life cycle such that the repetition of the diploid stage via clonality leads to the loss of the haploid stage. Here, we surveyed the literature to find studies that had genotyped both haploid and diploid stages and recalculated population genetic summary metrics for seven red algae, one green alga, three brown algae, and three mosses. We compared these data to recent simulations that explicitly addressed the population genetic consequences of partial clonality in haplodiplontic life cycles. Not only was partial clonality found to act as a homogenizing force, but the combined effects of proportion of haploids, rate of clonality, and the relative strength of mutation versus genetic drift impacts the distributions of population genetic indices. We found remarkably similar patterns across commonly used population genetic metrics between our empirical and recent theoretical expectations. To facilitate future studies, we provide some recommendations for sampling and analyzing population genetic parameters for haplodiplontic taxa.

中文翻译：

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探索单倍体类群克隆性的遗传后果


部分克隆性是所有主要真核生物谱系中极其常见的繁殖模式。然而，群体遗传理论是基于排他性或排他性无性，而部分克隆性常常被忽视。这在单倍体真核生物中尤其如此，包括藻类、蕨类植物、苔藓和真菌，其中体细胞发育发生在单倍体和二倍体阶段。据预测，单倍体生命周期与无性相关，但这种预测的测试很少。此外，在同一生命周期中拥有长寿命的单倍体和二倍体阶段会产生独特的后果。例如，克隆过程使生命周期脱钩，从而通过克隆性重复二倍体阶段导致单倍体阶段的丧失。在这里，我们调查了文献，寻找对单倍体和二倍体阶段进行基因分型的研究，并重新计算了七种红藻、一种绿藻、三种褐藻和三种苔藓的群体遗传汇总指标。我们将这些数据与最近的模拟进行了比较，这些模拟明确解决了单倍体生命周期中部分克隆性的群体遗传后果。不仅部分克隆性被发现充当同质化力量，而且单倍体比例、克隆性比率以及突变与遗传漂变的相对强度的综合效应也会影响群体遗传指数的分布。我们发现常用的群体遗传指标在我们的经验预期和最近的理论预期之间存在非常相似的模式。为了促进未来的研究，我们提供了一些对单倍体类群的群体遗传参数进行采样和分析的建议。