This paper presents a comprehensive review of emerging technologies for the internet of things (IoT)-based smart agriculture. We begin by summarizing the existing surveys and describing emergent technologies for the agricultural IoT, such as unmanned aerial vehicles, wireless technologies, open-source IoT platforms, software defined networking (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV) technologies, cloud/fog computing, and middleware platforms. We also provide a classification of IoT applications for smart agriculture into seven categories: including smart monitoring, smart water management, agrochemicals applications, disease management, smart harvesting, supply chain management, and smart agricultural practices. Moreover, we provide a taxonomy and a side-by-side comparison of the state-of-the-art methods toward supply chain management based on the blockchain technology for agricultural IoTs. Furthermore, we present real projects that use most of the aforementioned technologies, which demonstrate their great performance in the field of smart agriculture. Finally, we highlight open research challenges and discuss possible future research directions for agricultural IoTs.

中文翻译：

---

物联网，引领智慧农业的未来：新兴技术的全面调查

本文对基于物联网（IoT）的智能农业的新兴技术进行了全面综述。我们首先总结现有调查并描述农业物联网的新兴技术，例如无人机，无线技术，开源物联网平台，软件定义网络（SDN），网络功能虚拟化（NFV）技术，云/雾计算以及中间件平台。我们还将智能农业的物联网应用分为七类：智能监控，智能水管理，农用化学品应用，疾病管理，智能收获，供应链管理和智能农业实践。而且，我们对农业物联网基于区块链技术的供应链管理的最新方法进行了分类和并排比较。此外，我们提出了使用上述大多数技术的实际项目，这些项目证明了它们在智能农业领域的出色表现。最后，我们重点介绍开放研究挑战，并讨论农业物联网的未来可能的研究方向。