ABSTRACT

This paper examines how the governance in AI policy documents have been framed as way to resolve public controversies surrounding AI. It draws on the studies of governance of emerging technologies, the concept of policy framing, and analysis of 49 recent policy documents dedicated to AI which have been prepared in the context of technological hype expecting fast advances of AI that will fundamentally change economy and society. The hype about AI is accompanied by major public controversy about positive and negative effects of AI. Against the backdrop of this policy controversy, governance emerges as one of the frames that diagnoses the problems and offers prescriptions. Accordingly, the current governance characterized by oligopoly of a small number of large companies is indicated as one of the reasons for problems such as lack of consideration of societal needs and concerns. To address these problems, governance frame in AI policy documents assigns more active and collaborative roles to the state and society. Amid public controversies, the state is assigned the roles of promoting and facilitating AI development while at the same time being a guarantor of risk mitigation and enabler of societal engagement. High expectations are assigned to public engagement with multiple publics as a way to increase diversity, representation and equality in AI development and use. While this governance frame might have a normative appeal, it is not specific about addressing some well-known challenges of the proposed governance mode such as risks of capture by vested interests or difficulties to achieve consensus.

摘要

本文研究了人工智能政策文件中的治理如何被构建为解决围绕人工智能的公众争议的方式。它借鉴了对新兴技术治理的研究、政策框架的概念，以及对 49 份近期专门针对人工智能的政策文件的分析，这些文件是在技术炒作的背景下准备的，预计人工智能的快速发展将从根本上改变经济和社会。关于人工智能的炒作伴随着关于人工智能正面和负面影响的重大公众争议。在这一政策争议的背景下，治理成为诊断问题并提供处方的框架之一。因此，目前以少数大公司寡头垄断为特征的治理被认为是缺乏对社会需求和关切等问题的考虑的原因之一。为了解决这些问题，人工智能政策文件中的治理框架为国家和社会分配了更积极和协作的角色。在公众争议中，国家被赋予促进和促进人工智能发展的角色，同时又是降低风险的保证者和社会参与的推动者。人们对与多个公众的公众互动寄予厚望，以此来提高人工智能开发和使用的多样性、代表性和平等性。虽然这个治理框架可能具有规范性吸引力，