Public space has critical importance for the city and society because it forms a sense of community. The debate on the end of public space, which is ongoing as the privatization in the city rises, moves on to a new phase with the Covid-19 outbreak. Since the perception of public spaces will be a determinant factor in the future of the city, the question arises: How the perception and usage of the public, virtual public and pseudo-public spaces (particularly shopping malls) have been affected by the recent Covid-19 pandemic? The aim of this study is to examine the changing perception and usage of public and pseudo-public spaces during the Covid-19 outbreak in Istanbul, Turkey. Within this scope, an online survey was conducted with 337 participants living in Istanbul between the dates of 1–5 June 2020. With this survey, the change in perceptions and usage of these spaces based on personal, residential and district characteristics were investigated. The findings of the study revealed statistically significant differences between the perceptions and usage of public spaces and pseudo-public spaces before and after the Covid-19 outbreak in terms of personal, residential and district characteristics. According to survey results, there would be a significant decrease in the frequency of possible visits to public places. The outbreak reduces interest in virtual spaces as a leisure activity, but it also increases the interest in virtual spaces as a shopping and meeting/chat platform. In addition, it was determined that the demand for shopping centres and virtual platforms as both before-after-the-outbreak leisure activities decreased significantly as the amount of green space per capita increases. Besides, the diminishing reputations of pseudo-public spaces and the increasing importance of virtual public spaces may be observed from the survey results. The longer the outbreak, the greater its impact on the design and planning of public spaces and pseudo-public spaces. Rather than planning huge and crowded spaces such as big squares and huge malls, there is likely a shift toward planning a large number of small-scale public spaces within walking distance.

中文翻译：

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大流行后城市对公共和伪公共空间的认知和使用的变化：以伊斯坦布尔为例

公共空间对城市和社会至关重要，因为它形成了一种社区意识。随着城市私有化的兴起，关于公共空间终结的辩论随着 Covid-19 的爆发而进入一个新阶段。由于对公共空间的感知将成为城市未来的决定性因素，因此出现了一个问题：公共空间、虚拟公共空间和伪公共空间（尤其是购物中心）的感知和使用如何受到最近的 Covid 的影响-19 大流行？本研究的目的是检查在土耳其伊斯坦布尔的 Covid-19 爆发期间对公共和伪公共空间的感知和使用的变化。在此范围内，对 2020 年 6 月 1 日至 5 日期间居住在伊斯坦布尔的 337 名参与者进行了在线调查。通过这项调查，调查了基于个人、住宅和地区特征对这些空间的看法和使用的变化。研究结果显示，在 Covid-19 爆发前后，在个人、住宅和地区特征方面，对公共空间和伪公共空间的认知和使用之间存在显着的统计学差异。根据调查结果，可能到访公共场所的频率会显着减少。疫情降低了人们对虚拟空间作为休闲活动的兴趣，但也增加了人们对虚拟空间作为购物和会议/聊天平台的兴趣。此外，可以确定，随着人均绿地数量的增加，对购物中心和虚拟平台作为疫情爆发前休闲活动的需求显着下降。此外，从调查结果中可以看出伪公共空间声誉的下降和虚拟公共空间的重要性日益增加。爆发时间越长，对公共空间和伪公共空间的设计和规划的影响就越大。与其规划大型广场和大型购物中心等巨大而拥挤的空间，不如规划在步行距离内的大量小型公共空间。爆发时间越长，对公共空间和伪公共空间的设计和规划的影响就越大。与其规划大型广场和大型购物中心等巨大而拥挤的空间，不如规划在步行距离内的大量小型公共空间。爆发时间越长，对公共空间和伪公共空间的设计和规划的影响就越大。与其规划大型广场和大型购物中心等巨大而拥挤的空间，不如规划在步行距离内的大量小型公共空间。