This paper argues that a strong thesis of divine providence, whereby God is understood as in complete control of all things, entails pantheism, the thesis that the universe is not ontologically distinct from God. In normal discourse, we distinguish a plan from, on the one hand, the state of affairs which realizes that plan—its execution or expression—and, on the other hand, the person or group whose plan it is. However, with respect to an omnipotent God who displays complete providence, neither of these two distinctions holds. We cannot separate person from plan, or plan from world, and in consequence, neither can we separate person from world, ergo pantheism. Accordingly, the argument of this paper comes in two parts maintaining, first, the impossibility of distinguishing between God’s plan and its execution and, second, the impossibility of distinguishing God himself from his plan.

本文认为，关于神的天意的一个强有力的论点是将神理解为对万物的完全控制，这需要泛神论，即宇宙在本体论上与神没有区别的论点。在正常话语中，我们一方面将计划与实现计划的事务状态（执行或表达）区别开来，另一方面将计划所在的人或团体与之区别开来。然而，对于显示出完全的天意的全能上帝而言，这两个区别都不成立。我们无法将人与计划分离，或将计划与世界分离，结果，我们也无法将人与世界，人类泛神论分离。因此，本文的论点分为两个部分，第一部分是不可能区分上帝的计划和其执行，第二部分是