Over time, various thematic classifications have been put forward to organize science into a coherent system of specialized areas of research. From an analysis of the historical evolution of the criteria used to distinguish the sciences from one another, I propose in this paper a quadripartite typology for the different thematic classification systems propounded by scholars throughout the centuries. Basically, I argue that the criteria used to differentiate the sciences have been alternately drawn from their respective subject matters, kinds of knowledge, methods and aims. Then, I show that several reclassifications occurred in the thematic structure of science. Finally, I argue that such changes in the structure of learning displaced the modalities of contact between the objects, knowledge, methods and aims of the various branches of science, with the result of outlining reshaped intellectual territories conducive to the emergence of new areas of research.

随着时间的推移，人们提出了各种主题分类，以将科学组织成一个连贯的专业研究领域系统。通过对用于区分科学的标准的历史演变进行分析，我在本文中针对几个世纪以来学者提出的不同主题分类系统提出了四方类型学。基本上，我认为用于区分科学的标准已经交替地从它们各自的主题、知识种类、方法和目标中提取出来。然后，我表明在科学的主题结构中发生了几次重新分类。最后，我认为学习结构的这种变化取代了科学各个分支的对象、知识、方法和目标之间的联系方式，