The pandemic crisis constitutes an unprecedented challenge for the European Union and for the Euro Area. Indeed, the European institutional architecture can be viewed as being halfway between an association of sovereign states (like the United Nations) and a politically integrated federation (like the United States). In this original construction, competences on several matters (such as economic, political, social and health issues) are shared at the European level, but also at the national and local levels, in more complex ways than in fully integrated federations. To improve the European Union’s resilience to violent external shocks, the main objective of this paper is to determine to what extent these competences should be transferred to the federal level. In this respect, we will consider whether a federal leap is necessary in several areas, namely (i) monetary and fiscal policy (rules), (ii) labor markets policy and social models, migratory flows and skill shortages, and cooperation policy and (iii) renewed industrial policy and exchange rates. Despite a highly uncertain context, we outline some perspectives for the future of the European Union.

大流行危机对欧洲联盟和欧元区构成了前所未有的挑战。确实，欧洲的体制架构可以看作是主权国家协会（如联合国）和政治上一体化的联邦（如美国）之间的中间路线。在这个原始的结构中，与完全整合的联合会相比，在欧洲，但在国家和地方各级，在多个事务（例如经济，政治，社会和卫生问题）上的权限共享也更为复杂。为了提高欧盟抵御暴力外部冲击的能力，本文的主要目标是确定这些权限应在多大程度上转移到联邦一级。在这方面，我们将考虑在几个领域是否有必要进行联邦飞跃，即（i）货币和财政政策（规则），（ii）劳动力市场政策和社会模式，移民流动和技能短缺以及合作政策，以及（iii）更新的产业政策和汇率。尽管情况高度不确定，但我们概述了欧洲联盟未来的一些观点。